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MOSES GREENEEAF 

MAINE'S FIRST MAP-MAKER: A BIOGRAPHY 



THE series of publications of which this volume is the second, 
is dedicated to the memory of that magnificent English- 
man who collected the first private library in his Kingdom and 
wrote the first treatise on the Love of Books ever known — 
RICHARD DE BURY : 1287-1345. He was Bishop of Durham, 
and was Lord Chancellor and Keeper of the Great Seal under 
Edward III. He added to his loyalty to the Crown a surpassing 
love for books and the delights of scholarship. The De Burians 
of Bangor, Maine, U. S. A., the only Book Club in the World 
bearing his name, wish to be known as lovers of books and as 
disciples of De Bury in his care for prized volumes, his reverence 
of their worth and his devotion to the advancement of learning;. 




MOSES GREENLEAF 



MOSES GREENLEAF 

MAINE'S FIRST MAP-MAKER 

A BIOGRAPHY : WITH LETTERS 

UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS AND 

A REPRINT OF MR. GKEENLEAE'S 

RARE PAPER ON 

INDIAN PLACE-NAMES 

ALSO 

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MAPS OF MAINE 

EDITED BY 
EDGAR CROSBY SMITH 




SEAL OF RICHAKD DB BURT 



BANGOR 

PRINTED FOR THE DE BURIANS 

1902 






Copyright 1902 
By Edgar Crosby Smith 

All Bights Beserved 



By transie* 

DEC 30 19ti> 



This Copy is Number 



7s 



&o Jflg Jttotljev 



'yTTHO, IN MY BOYHOOD, FIRST INSPIRED IN ME A 
LOVE OE BOOKS AND ENCOURAGED ME IN 
FORMING A LIBRARY, THIS VOLUME IS LOVINGLY 
DEDICATED. 



PREFACE 



IN preparing this book for The De Burians and the few 
persons enough interested in such a work as to 
care to possess a copy, the editor has received generous 
assistance from many persons and he desires to express 
his grateful appreciation for the same. To Samuel L,ane 
Boardman of Bangor, for kindly expressions of interest 
and encouragement in the work; to Hon. Leonard D. 
Carver, our State Librarian, Augusta, for placing at 
the editor's disposal many valuable documents and works 
in the state library, also for encouraging words; to Mrs. 
Rose B. Porter of Bangor, for the generous loan of 
valuable notes prepared by her late husband, Hon. Joseph 
W. Porter; to Mrs. Eliza W. Hazzard of Bangor; to 
Mr. Hubbard W. Bryant, librarian of the Maine His- 
torical Society, Portland ; to Rev. Anson Titus of Tufts 
College, Massachusetts ; to Miss Elizabeth Merrill of 
Williamsburg, and others, for information given and 
assistance rendered. 

Foxcroft, Nov. 15, 1902. 



CONTENTS 



Page 

Preface v ii 

Introduction xiii 

Biography of Moses Greenleaf: 

I. Early Life 1777-1810 3 

II. In Williamsburg 16 

in. First Book 36 

TV. Second Book 46 

V. The Greenleaf Maps 59 

Letters : 

I. To Eleazer Jenks 83 

II. To Eleazer Jenks 87 

III. To Benj. Dodd 89 

TV. To Benj. Dodd 94 

V. To Benj. A. Dodd 101 

Miscellaneous Papers: 

Hints for Peace Societies 109 

Questions About Public Lands 110 

Answer HI 

Eastern Indians: 

Letter to Rev. J. Morse, D. D 116 

Indian Place-Names 120 

Contract Between Mr. Greenleaf and Wm, Dodd. . . 125 

W. D. Williamson's Sketch of Mr. Greenleaf 134 

Bibliography of The Maps of Maine 139 



PLATES 



Moses Greenleaf Frontispiece 

Page 

Facsimile of Note 10 

The Greenleaf Homestead 15 

Facsimile of Execution 21 

Facsimile of First Commission 30 

Title Page of Statistical View 39 

Title Page of Survey of Maine 50 

Facsimile of Manuscript 57 

Manuscript Map 65 

First State Seal 78 



INTRODUCTION 



IT is with great satisfaction that the De Burians of 
Bangor present to its members and to the small 
number of gentlemen and libraries interested in their 
work, the second publication of the club. It follows 
directly in the same path of its first volume and thus 
keeps closely to the objects of the club in its work — the 
printing of books in limited editions which relate to 
books, printing, local history, biography and bibli- 
ography and which should be regarded as original con- 
tributions to some one of these subjects. 

The subject of this volume is a most worthy one. As 
our first book was devoted to one of Maine's pioneer 
printers, the present volume is a biography of Maine's 
first map-maker. Maps, equally with books, are a 
legitimate branch of bibliography, and it is a matter for 
satisfaction to its members that it has been left to The 
De Burians to cause to be prepared and printed the only 
biography of one of the most remarkable men which 
our State ever had, thus rescuing from forgetfulness an 
author and publicist who, more than any other man, 
deserves to be called the maker of the State of Maine. 



XIV INTRODUCTION 

For many years before the separation of Maine from 
Massachusetts there had been an active controversy 
regarding independent statehood for the District of 
Maine. It was discussed by the leading men, carried 
into the columns of the few newspapers then printed, 
and separation was attempted by residents of Maine, 
representatives to the General Court of Massachusetts, 
many years before separation took place and Maine was 
admitted to statehood in 1820. While many of the lead- 
ing public men of the District were actively interested in 
separation, the one man who did more by his writings to 
influence both Maine and Massachusetts to an act which 
led to Maine's statehood was Moses Greenleaf — a most 
learned, intelligent, clear minded, far-seeing publicist, 
and a man greatly in advance of his time and his con- 
temporaries in grasping the question of separation, the 
value of our natural resources and the importance of 
statehood for the District of Maine. 

Moses Greenleaf belonged to a remarkable family. 
His brother Simon was a lawyer of acknowledged ability, 
Royal professor of Law at Harvard University from 1833 
to 1846, Dane professor of Law from 1846 to 1848 and 
Professor Emeritus of Daw from 1848 to 1853, author 
of a profound treatise on the Law of Evidence and first 
Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Maine in 
which capacity he published nine volumes of law reports, 
1822-1832. Another brother, Jonathan, was a learned 
divine and author of a work on the ecclesiastical history 



INTRODUCTION XV 

of the State. Moses Greenleaf was the earliest writer on 
the physical resources of Maine and his articles and 
books did much to attract attention to the wealth of 
timber, mineral resources, manufacturing advantages 
and agricultural capabilities of the District of Maine. 
In 1816 he published his Statistical View of Maine— 
an original work of great merit. In 1829, nine years 
after Maine became a state, Mr. Greenleaf published 
his second book : A Survey of the State of Maine, in 
Reference to its Geographical Features, Statistics and 
Political Economy. This was a rewritten and elabor- 
ated edition of his former work. The various subjects 
were more extended, more carefully written and more 
abundantly illustrated by references and statistics than 
those in his first work. This volume was accompa- 
nied by an atlas of maps, seven in number, which, 
according to a writer in Appleton's American biograph- 
ical cyclopedia, were "the best made to that date." 
Both these early books relating to Maine and the maps 
accompanying them are fully described in the present 
volume. The original map of Maine by Mr. Greenleaf 
— of which a reproduction is given in this volume — is 
two feet one inch by three feet four and one-half inches 
in size, and is a most beautiful specimen of pen work. 

We but do justice to a remarkable man, now almost 
forgotten, by saying that Mr. Greenleaf through his 
published writings and his accurate and beautiful maps, 
did more than any other man to make known to two 



XVI INTRODUCTION 

states the value and importance of Maine while it was 
simply a district under the government of Massachu- 
setts ; and to say that these works did more to 
acquaint people with a true sense of the immense natural 
advantages of Maine and to influence public opinion in 
favor of separation than any other agency or the work 
of any other person, is but to state a plain fact. Mr. 
Greenleaf was the real state-maker of Maine. 

At the Centennial Celebration of Bangor in 1869, 
Hon. John A. Poor of Portland, one of the most eloquent 
speakers Maine ever produced, and most influential in 
the building of the European & North American rail- 
way, at an after-dinner speech in Norombega Hall, said : 
" I became interested in the railway at a very early day 
and I am glad of the opportunity of saying in this hall, 
that I owe it largely to the influence of a distinguished 
citizen of the state, to whom its people — especially of 
the Penobscot valley — are more indebted than to any 
other man, whose memory is still cherished and whose 
monument will some day be erected here, Moses Green- 
leaf. He was my teacher and my most valued friend to 
the time of his lamented death in March, 1834. To great 
scientific attainments and large practical knowledge 
Mr. Greenleaf united a sanguine temperament with an 
enthusiasm which carried him far beyond his contem- 
poraries in comprehending the natural advantages and 
resources of Maine, as shown in his two volumes pub- 
lished in 1816 and 1829, respectively. The eloquent 



INTRODUCTION XV11 

allusion to him in the messages of Gov. Lincoln to the 
Legislature in 1828 and 1829 will always give his name 
a prominent place in the history of our state should no 
monumental stone mark the final resting place of his 
ashes." 

Beside comprising a biography and bibliography of 
Moses Greenleaf the present volume is enriched by many 
important related papers. Of special value is the reprint 
of the rare tract on the Indian Place-Names of Maine 
furnished by Mr. Greenleaf to the American Society for 
Promoting Civilization and General Improvement of the 
Indian Tribes of the United States, in 1824, long since a 
very rare and scarce publication. That Society was 
founded by Jedidiah Morse, father of Samuel F. B. 
Morse, who was one of the most eminent scholars of the 
last century, author of many educational works and a 
correspondent of Mr. Greenleaf. The Bibliograplry of the 
Maps of Maine is an original work of much value to the 
student of Maine history and a real contribution to the 
bibliography of the state. It comprises descriptions of 
about 100 more maps than any previous list of a similar 
nature. 

It has been most fortunate for The De Burians that one 
of their number, Judge Edgar C. Smith of Foxcroft, the 
editor of the present work, is a descendant of Maine's 
first map-maker and that the papers of the late Moses 
Greenleaf — of which he has made so good use in this 
volume — have been in his possession for some years. 



XV111 INTRODUCTION 

Although no memorial stone may be raised to Mr. 
Greenleaf's memory — as John A. Poor fondly hoped 
would be the case — it is a degree of satisfaction to The 
De Burians that they have been instrumental in embalm- 
ing his work and memory upon the printed page which 
is more enduring than bronze or marble. 
In behalf of The De Burians, 

Samuel I,ane Boardman, 

President. 
Bangor, Nov. 15, 1902. 



MOSES GREEKLEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 



MOSES GREENLEAF 



I. EARLY LIFE. 1777--1810 



MOSKS GRBKNLKAF— or Moses Greenleaf Junior, 
as he was known to the members of the family — 
was the oldest of a family of five children and an illus- 
trious one in the annals of Maine, relating to the early 
history of the century just past. 

Moses, Jr., author and land surveyor, one of the 
best authorities of his day, and undoubtedly the best, 
on the interior lands of Maine, and the best way of 
developing them, and the maker of the first authentic 
map of the State. 

Simon, lawyer and author, first reporter of decisions 
of this State, the author of the standard work on the law 
of evidence in use at the present day, and Royall pro- 
fessor of law at Harvard College. 

Jonathan, minister of the gospel and author, closely 
identified with the early ecclesiastical history of our 
State, ordained to preach at Wells in 1814, afterwards 



4 MOSES GREENIvEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 

pastor of the Mariners Church in Boston, and the Walla- 
bout Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn. 

Ebenezer, deep sea captain and land surveyor. A 
pioneer settler of the interior, and closely allied with his 
brother Moses in his work of surveying and map making. 

Clarina Parsons, the wife of Elezer Alley Jenks who 
was one of the pioneer printers and publishers of Maine. 
Mrs. Jenks was one of the most charming ladies of the 
' ' old school, ' ' a polished artificer in the almost lost art 
of letter writing, and a poetess of no mean ability. Four 
sons and one daughter. 

The father of Moses Greenleaf, Jr., was Moses Green- 
leaf, Sr., who was the second son of Jonathan Greenleaf 
of Newburyport, and was born in that town May 19th, 
1755. He was a ship carpenter by trade, but at the age 
of nineteen he entered the American army as a lieuten- 
ant. He served until nearly the close of the Revolution, 
having been in 1776 commissioned as a captain. In the 
year 1781 he commenced the business of shipbuilding in 
his native town, which he continued until 1790, when he 
removed with his family to this State, having during the 
nine years he was engaged in that business built twenty- 
two ships and brigs. In August, 1776, he married 
L,ydia Parsons, the daughter of Rev. Jonathan Parsons, 
a celebrated divine of his time. He died in New 
Gloucester, Maine, December 18, 1812. His wife sur- 
vived her husband more than twenty years, dying at 



Williamsburg where she had been residing with her son 
Moses, March 21, 1834, aged 79 years. 

The grandfather of Moses Greenleaf, Jr., was the 
Honorable Jonathan Greenleaf, born at Newbury, July, 
1723, at which place he resided all his life. By occupa- 
tion he was a ship carpenter and builder, which business 
he conducted successfully for nearly half a century and 
accumulated a large estate. He was much engaged in 
public life and during the whole period of the Revolution 
held some public office. At the commencement of the 
war he was a member of the Continental Congress, and 
later was in the Senate and House of Representatives. 
He died of old age May 24, 1807. He was married at 
the age of 21 to Mary Presbury, the daughter of Edward 
Presbury to whom he was apprenticed. 

The great grandfather of the subject of this sketch 
was Daniel Greenleaf, born at Newbury, December 24, 
1690, and drowned at Newbury bar in January or Feb- 
ruary, 1729. He followed the sea. His wife was Mary 
Moody. 

John Greenleaf, the father of Daniel, was born June 21, 
1662, and died June 24, 1734. He was born, lived and 
died in old Newbury. He was twice married, first to 
Elizabeth Hills, by whom he had ten children, and his 
second wife was Mrs. Lydia Pierce, the widow of 
Benjamin Pierce, Esq. 

Stephen Greenleaf, the father of John, was born in 
England in 1630. He came to New England with his 



b MOSES GREENPEAK : A BIOGRAPHY 

father in 1635, and resided in Newbury until his death. 
He was a captain in the militia, and went with his 
company to Cape Breton in the Indian wars. He was 
wrecked in company with nine others near the coast of 
Cape Breton, December 1, 1690. In 1651 he married 
Elizabeth Coffin by whom he had ten children. 

Edmund Greenleaf, the common ancestor of the 
Greenleafs of America and the father of Stephen, was 
born in the parish of Brixham and county of Devonshire 
nearTorbay, England, in about the year 1600. He mar- 
ried Sarah Dole and several children were born to them 
in England. In 1635 he came to this country with his 
family and settled in Newbury. He was a silk dyer by 
trade. In 1650 he moved to Boston where his wife died. 
He afterwards married a widow Hill. He died in the 
year 1671. 

By the foregoing genealogical sketch it appears that 
the ancestors of Moses Greenleaf, Jr., always resided in 
Newbury from the time of the coming of Edmund, (with 
the exception of the few years that he resided in Boston) 
up to the time that Moses was born, a period of about 
150 years. 

Moses Greenleaf, Jr., was born at Newburyport, 
Massachusetts, October 17, 1777, and up to the age of 
thirteen years he resided in that town. In November, 
1790, his parents removed to New Gloucester in the dis- 
trict of Maine, and settled upon a farm ; his father 
following the occupation of farming to the time of his 
death. 



EARI/r UFE 7 

In such schools as this new country afforded at the 
time, and in tilling the farm for his father, Moses laid 
the foundation of his education ; and when the word 
foundation is used, it is used designedly, for nothing but 
a foundation could here have been made for that mind 
which afterwards so broadened and expanded so as to 
make him one of the foremost men of his time, in all 
matters that related to the development and settlement 
of the interior of Maine. His real education was 
acquired in the school of life, by reading and reflection, 
by the literary pursuits to which his mind was so much 
inclined, by business and reverses in business. In speak- 
ing of his early misfortunes he says in a letter to his 
brother-in-law, under date of September 14, 1806: " I 
have experienced too many of these vicissitudes to be 
startled at them, & my experience has convinced me 
that such are not evils. So far from it that almost all the 
good I have enjoyed for these seven years, has been 
elicited from seeming ill, & though I now consider my 
present situation & prospects as happier & brighter than 
they have been heretofore, yet I have been forced into 
it by what the ignorant & misjudging call misfortune." 
In March, 1799, a few months after he had attained 
his majority, he left the farm of his father and entered 
upon a mercantile career, opening a general store in 
New Gloucester. He continued in business there for 
about three years, and then removed to Poland, where 
he remained about one year. Whether he carried on 



8 MOSES GREENI.EAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

his mercantile business at the latter place is uncertain, 
but it is quite probable that he did as it appears that he 
had no other vocation prior to the year 1806. Some 
time during the summer of 1803 he moved from Poland 
to township number two in the third range north of 
Waldo Patent, and settled in what was then known as 
Kenduskeag settlement, now included in the present 
town of Kenduskeag. He remained at Kenduskeag only 
a short time, for as early as February, 1804, we find him 
located in Bangor and engaged in business. 

It was while he was located in Bangor that he married. 
His wife was Persis Poor of Andover, Maine, and 
daughter of Deacon Kbenezer Poor and a sister of the 
wife of Jacob McGaw, Esq. 

A mercantile life is not suited to a man of Mr. Green- 
leaf's temperament, consequently he was not successful, 
and in the fall of 1806 abandoned it. In the same letter 
referred to above he expressed himself as follows : ' ' May 
it not be that Infinite Wisdom designing the greatest 
possible good, has so disposed of events that, instead of 
suffering you to protract a laborious anxious profession, 
in which the prospect before us promises nothing on 
which the mind can rest with satisfaction, he has torn 
you from it while you are in the full possession of all 
your powers, that they all may have their share of action, 
& some faculties be called forth to make a figure which 
otherwise must have rested in obscurity." 

It was during his stay in Bangor that Mr. Greenleaf 
became personally interested in the development of the 



EARI,Y UFE y 

wilderness of the interior of Maine. Although as early as 
1802 he had made some small investments in Eastern 
I^ands, purchasing of Joseph Ellery Foxcroft two forty- 
sixths of township number five in the eighth range, now 
the town of Foxcroft ; and from 1802 to 1806 he bought 
and sold various small tracts, and dealt quite a little in 
wild lands, but in none of these transactions was the 
settlement of the lands an object in view. 

On May 15, 1804, Mr. William Dodd of Boston 
purchased from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 
township number six in the eighth range, north of 
Waldo Patent, (afterwards incorporated as the town of 
Williamsburg, and so named in honor of the proprietor) 
with the usual conditions for the settlement of twenty 
families in four years and twenty more in eight years. 
Mr. Dodd not intending to personally settle on his new 
possession, it became necessary for him to supply in his 
stead a competent representative, who would settle there 
and induce others to come, parcel out the land to them, 
attend to the building of roads and the very many other 
things necessary for the convenience of the settlers, and 
to protect the interests of the proprietor. 

After his settlement in Bangor, Mr. Greenleaf became 
firmly convinced that a mercantile life was not suited to 
his tastes and temperament, and that in it there was no 
prospect of success for him ; consequently in the latter 
part of the year of 1805 he entered into negotiations with 
Mr. Dodd. As a result, on February 24, 1806, he pur- 
chased a one-fourth interest in Mr. Dodd's township and 



10 MOSES GREENEEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 

entered into a partnership agreement, in relation to the 
management of the joint property. It was this agree- 
ment that shaped the future of Mr. Greenleaf's life. 

I will quote a portion of article second. The first part 
relates to the settlement of families in the township, 
and continuing recites viz : "on one of which settle- 
ments said Greenleaf will within four years from the 
last of July next, reside with his family as one of the 
settlers before mentioned, & continue thereon until the 
final period for completing said settlements as above 
expressed, under penalty of five hundred dollars, which 
he hereby promises to pay to said Dodd in case of essen- 
tial neglect, without deduction in chancery or other- 
wise ; it being a principal object with said Dodd to have 
said Greenleaf a permanent settler & resident in said 
township." 

This was the turning point in Mr. Greenleaf's career, 
and a step in the direction which was to make him a 
prominent figure in the history of Maine. By the terms 
of the agreement he had four years in which to prepare 
himself for his pilgrimage into the wilderness of Maine, 
where he was to provide a home for himself and family, 
and achieve for himself a name and fame as enduring as 
the bulwarks of the State which he was to contribute no 
small part in forming. 

That he appreciated the gravity of the step he was 
taking, is evidenced by remarks in a letter to a friend 



EARI<Y UFE 11 

written during that year, yet he looked into the future 
with the bright side continually before him. He says : 
— " The happiness of your family may require that you 
engage in some business where all the conveniences of 
society, alias a throng, are to be found & where on a 
limited view of things it will appear that the opportunity 
of educating your children in such a manner as to qualify 
them for any sphere in which they may be called to act, 
is to be found, & there only. But what extraneous cir- 
cumstances are necessary to happiness ? Is it continual 
intercourse with a multitude, the greater part of whom 
you must cordially despise ? Is it placing your children 
at schools where with the rudiments of science, they 
will also imbibe the vices of their companions ? Where 
the distraction of a variety of objects & the fascinations 
of what is misnamed society will preclude them from any 
but superficial attainments? Are the petty luxuries 
of the table, the conveniences of smooth roads, &c, 
&c, &c, objects of solicitude? I am certain these are 
not so to you. What then? independence, competence, 
rank & respectability. My plan affords the means of 
attaining all these with the least possible chance of 
failure. I have not developed to any one the extent of 
my views, nor the strong & increasing probabilities I 
have of success. However improbable it may appear 
to you,— a society will in a very few years be found 
north of the Piscataquis which will approach nearer to 
your own ideas of the useful and agreeable, than any 



12 MOSES GREENEEAF ; a BIOGRAPHY 

which I am acquainted with in any of the country towns 
in Maine. What difficulties are insuperable to those 
determined to conquer them ? ' ' 

Thus it will be seen he realized the difficulties and 
hardships he had got to contend with, yet he entered 
upon his mission with a firm determination to surmount 
the difficulties and endure the hardships. 

During the summer of 1806 he closed out his business 
in Bangor, and commenced on his new duties connected 
with the settlement of the township of which he was now 
a joint owner ; however he did not move to Williams- 
burg until the summer of 1810, at nearly the expiration 
of the period of time allowed him in his contract with 
Mr. Dodd. He remained at Bangor until the latter part 
of the year of 1807 or the early part of 1808, when he 
removed with his family to East Andover, where he made 
it his home until he moved into the wilderness and com- 
menced the real life of a pioneer. 

While Mr. Greeuleaf was an enthusiast on the subject 
of the development of the interior of Maine, every word 
which came from his pen, and every recorded utterance, 
came from one who was living the life in the heart of 
the country in whose future he so faithfully believed, 
and who knew of the hardships and vicissitudes to be 
endured, as well as of the advantages and benefits to be 
attained. 

During the period from 1806 to 1810 he was undoubt- 
edly busily engaged in promoting the interests of the 



EARLY UEE 13 

new country in which he was to settle, and making the 
necessary preparations prior to taking up his habitation 
there. 

During the winter of 1807 he visited Boston while the 
General Court was in session, and took an active interest 
in the doings of that body. Among the measures under 
consideration in which he was personally interested and 
exerted his influence as a member of the "third house " 
were the Quebec road matter, a turnpike road from 
Bangor to number six in the eighth range (Williams- 
burg), and above everything else he was interested in 
the question of separation which was being agitated at 
that session of the legislature. In a letter written while 
in Boston he enthusiastically expresses himself : "Massa- 
chusetts will be restored to correct principles ! — for the 
"squatters" are about to manage their affairs in their 
own way. A caucus was held yesterday morning on the 
subject of separation, & adjourned to this evening, six 
o'clock ; the Demo's are decidedly in favor, & many 
of the Federalists. Who knows amid the revolutions 
that are impending what may await us ? Governor 
King ! Chief Justice Widgery ! ! ! How do they look 
together?" 

The Federalists of Maine as a majority opposed sep- 
aration, yet some of their numbers favored the measure, 
and Mr. Greenleaf although an ardent Federalist, cast 
his lot with the minority of his party and supported the 
cause of separation. 



14 MOSES GREENLEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 

While in Boston he made a contract with Samuel 
Parkman to settle township number eight in the eighth 
range, which is the second township west of Williams- 
burg, and the present town of Willimantic. According 
to the terms of the agreement, which is dated March 3, 
1807, Mr. Greenleaf was to have thirty families settled 
in the township on October 1, 1809. It does not appear 
that he ever attempted to perform this contract. Only a 
short time previous he had made his negotiations with 
Mr. Dodd for the settlement of Williamsburg, in which 
he agreed to have forty families settled in that town by 
July, 1812, and coupling the contract with Mr. Parkman 
to this, it would have been a stupendous undertaking 
for one man, with no particular amount of capital at his 
command, and depending solely on his own personal 
efforts, to induce settlers to come into the country and 
take up the land. At this time however the District of 
Maine was the centre of attraction for the land specula- 
tors, many new towns were being incorporated, and 
immigration to the new country in the interior quite 
considerable. It is very probable at so favorable a time, 
and being enthusiastic himself over the project, that 
Mr. Greenleaf thought he would be able to settle both 
towns within the time limit, but confronted with the 
actual work he found a much harder task than he had 
contemplated. 

It does not appear that anything was ever done 
towards the fulfillment of the Parkman contract. It was 
undoubtedly cancelled. 



EARLY LIFE 15 

In the summer of 1810 he moved with his family to 
Williamsburg. He probably preceded his family a few 
weeks in order to erect a building to shelter them, for 
besides his wife, he had at this time two small children, 
of the ages of five and three years. He selected as a 
site for his homestead a lot of land on the highest eleva- 
tion in the township, overlooking the country for miles 
around, and commenced the erection of his dwelling. 
The place has ever since been known as Greenleaf's 
hill. At that time he built only that part of the build- 
ings which is now the ell of the house. The main house 
was not erected until six or eight years later ; but before 
the winter of 1810-11 he was comfortably settled in his 
new home in the heart of the interior of the state, where 
he was to pass the remainder of his life. 



II. IN WILLIAMSBURG. 1810-1834 



AFTER arriving in Williamsburg, Mr. Greenleaf at 
once became actively engaged in the multitudin- 
ous duties devolving upon him. He commenced the 
clearing of his farm, and during the summer and fall 
of 1810, erected a dwelling. A few settlers came with 
him, or a short time previous to his coming, and this 
necessitated the surveying and lotting of the township, 
in order to parcel out to them their lands. The survey- 
ing was principally attended to by his brother Eben, 
who settled in the town at about the same time as 
Moses, but the work was all done under the direction 
and supervision of Moses. 

Previous to his settlement in the interior, he had been 
deeply interested in the problem of settling this part of 
the state, and now he commenced a personal exploration 
of the country, with the view of ascertaining the quality 
of the lands, the portions best adapted to agriculture, 
the natural resources, and the accessibility of the same 
for settlement. 



IN WILLIAMSBURG ]n 

Very early in his investigations he discovered that 
many nnstahen ideas prevailed in regard to this portion 

to turn „,' and f thaUhe PUbHc had "reliable source 
to turn to for m ormafon regarding their possessions in 

he w,ld lands of Maine. As he states in the introduc- 
ed ,, St , b ° 0k ' many th0U ^tit was a land • nch 
fund f !l ° f theI PaItS ° f NeW En « land - affording a 

acuitio^'T? reS ° UrCeSOf theState > *«" b ^°" d 
sfdered T'' 7 -"exhaustible," and others con- 

sunnort •< BS a barren ' fr ° Zen re S ion ' ""A' for the 

tS^l" ^'"^ *"» a " eati ° n of the 

Mr Greenleaf admits that his views were of the most 

angmne, but after coming into the country, and extend 

Ug h,s researches and inquiries to every quarter where 

mformafon could be acquired, he arrived at the cot 

cluston that the value of the territory had never been 

cTion he 6 ?™ 3 '^-^ a " yb0dy - Actil * on this eon 
clus on he deemed ,t advisable to collect together all 
the facts m relafon to the country obtainable, and he 
commenced a sertes of personal explorations, and opened 
correspondence with numerous persons from whom he 
could obtain information, as well as gleaning such"! 
as he could from the public records 

havL f T d himSe " mUCh handica PP^ ^ his work, by 
havmg no accurate map of the state to refer to and he 
soon deemed to compile one. From 1810 to 1815 a U 
the t,me that he could spare from his other labors wa 



18 MOSES GREENLEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 

devoted with untiring energy to the collection of material 
for his map, and in connection with it, information 
relating to the undeveloped territory of the district. 

He decided to publish his Statistical View of Maine, 
to accompany the map, and the two appeared simul- 
taneously early in 1816. The book had far more to do 
with establishing his reputation as an authority on Maine 
lands, than the map, for the latter had no claims to 
being entirely original. The amount of labor expended 
in their production must have been very great ; far more 
so than would be necessary at the present day, for the 
gathering of the material rested solely with the author. 

On October 17th 1812, he was commissioned to Justice 
of the Peace for the county of Hancock, an office coin- 
cident with that of our present Trial Justice. For many 
years after this he was the principal acting magistrate of 
his section of the country, and many civil cases, such as 
were within his jurisdiction, were tried before him. 
From 1812 to 1816 his court was in session nearly every 
week for the trial of cases. He heard the cases, at his 
residence, and suits from all of the neighboring towns 
were there tried before him. In 1816, when Penobscot 
County was formed, Mr. Greenleaf was appointed one of 
the justices of the Court of Common Pleas, and in 1819, 
when this court was abolished and the Court of Sessions 
instituted in its stead, he was appointed a Justice of this 
Court. 

From 1816, after his appointment as an associate 
justice of the Court of Common Pleas, Mr. Greenleaf 



IN WIIXIAMSBURG 19 

was known to the public as Judge Greenleaf, and by 
this title was always addressed by his friends and 
acquaintances. He was also appointed one of the Jus- 
tices of the Peace and Quorum for the County of Penob- 
scot when the county was formed. Both his commis- 
sions, that of Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and 
Justice of the Peace, bear the date of March 20th, 1816. 

As early as 1813, Mr. Greenleaf was considered an 
authority on Eastern Lands, by those who knew him, 
although it was not until the appearance of his first 
book in 1816, that he was generally recognized as such. 
In 1813 a committee appointed by the legislature to 
investigate the Eastern Lands with a view to ascertain 
the quantity, quality and accessibility for settlement of 
the same, addressed Mr. Greenleaf for reliable informa- 
tion on the subject. The committee propounded nine 
questions relating to the lands, which were answered in 
detail. 

The full text of the questions and answers will be 
found in the appendix. In closing his reply to the com- 
mittee, Mr. Greenleaf embraces the opportunity to urge 
upon the legislators the great necessity for good roads 
and liberal terms of sale, as the things above everything 
else, that would most aid in the settlement and develop- 
ment of the country. He wrote as follows: "From 
ten years of interested observation, and the concurrent 
opinion of all with whom I have had opportunity to con- 
verse, and on whose judgment I could rely, I am fully 



20 MOSES GREENIvEAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

convinced that to fill the interior of the District rapidly 
with inhabitants, nothing is more necessary than good 
roads, and liberal terms of sale — that on this subject 
parsimony is real waste and an extensive, liberal and 
vigorous system of improvement the only true economy." 

On February 13th, 1816, Mr. Greenleaf with Samuel 
Reddington of Vassalborough, agreeably to a resolve of 
the General Court, was appointed to survey and lay out 
a road from the northerly extremity of the road then 
laid out through the Indian townships, so called, on the 
west bank of the Penobscot (now Edinburg), through 
the land of the commonwealth (Lagrange) to township 
number two in the seventh range (Medford) , and through 
that township to number three in the same range (Milo), 
thence on through Brownville Mills and Williamsburg 
to township number six in the ninth range (Katahdin 
Iron Works), thence onward to the land of the common- 
wealth lying northerly of the last named township. 

They were authorized to survey, and if the public 
good required it, to lay out the road, and further, to 
contract for the building of it, so as to make it passable 
for carriages. About the first of May of the same year, 
they commenced the work of the survey, which was 
completed in about twenty days. Sometime afterwards 
the road was built, and for many years it was the prin- 
cipal highway through the townships over which it 
passed. Parts of it have now been discontinued, in 
Williamsburg and Katahdin Iron Works, as settlements 






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IN WILLIAMSBURG 21 

were not made in the parts of these towns over which 
the road was built ; but the greater part of the remainder 
is still travelled to day, and exists as a lasting monument 
to Mr. Greenleaf's progressiveness, and persistent efforts 
to open up the new country to communication with the 
outside world, and to give the settlers in the interior, 
access to markets, and communication with each other. 
In his travels through the interior, and in occasional 
meetings with the Indians, Mr. Greenleaf took especial 
pains to learn the Indian names of all the lakes, rivers 
and mountains of the state, and as far as possible, the 
correct meaning of the names in the English language. 
It was his opinion, and one which he confirmed by 
numerous practical tests, that all the aboriginal names 
were descriptive, and that if they could be properly trans- 
lated, much valuable information would be acquired ; for 
the names being descriptive, a search could be instituted 
for the property or quality indicated, which might lead 
to beneficial results. For example he cites a striking 
illustration, in his letter to Rev. Dr. Morse, the secretary 
of the American Society for promoting civilization and 
general improvement of the Indian tribes of the United 
States, under date of November 28, 1823 ; the Indian 
name of the west branch of Pleasant River, which flows 
through the Katahdin Iron Works township, is Mun- 
na-lam-mon-un-gun, meaning very fine paint, or place 
where it is found. The Indians used mineral ochre for 
face paint, and Mr. Greenleaf states that the iron ores 



22 MOSES GREBNLEAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

and ochres here found, were from inquiries incited by 
the translation of the Indian name. 

The discovery of iron ore on this township, the editor 
believes, should be accredited to Mr. Greenleaf , although 
he in his natural modesty, makes no claim to the dis- 
tinction. He was particularly active in his efforts to 
develop the industry, and to interest some person or 
persons to form a company to work the mine. In order 
to have conclusive evidence of the quality of the deposits 
there, he with his own hands, smelted some of the ore, 
and made the iron into a horseshoe, which he carried with 
him on one of his many journeys to the state capital at 
Portland, to exhibit to the members of the legislature, 
and to others who might be interested, that they might 
see with their own eyes, what they were loth to believe 
from verbal and written testimony of others. 

He was quite familiar with the aboriginal names of 
northern Maine, and in most instances could give the 
proper English equivalent. A monument to his knowl- 
edge is left in his contribution to the Society for 
Promoting Civilization and Improvement of the Indian 
Tribes, which appears in full in the appendix. 

Among the important discoveries made by Mr. Green- 
leaf was that of slate, which is found in various parts 
of Piscataquis county. As early as 1814 he had dis- 
covered the extensive deposits in Williamsburg, and had 
gotten out specimens and sent them to Boston, where it 
was pronounced equal to any of the Welsh product, and 



IN WILLIAMSBURG 23 

superior to any American, on account of its unfading 
color and toughness. By 1825 he had a thorough knowl- 
edge of all the slate deposits within a radius of twenty- 
five miles, knowing of the Monson and Brownville slate, 
and evidences of a large deposit on the Penobscot River. 
He kept his information as close as possible, hoping to 
develop the quarries at Williamsburg first, in order to aid 
in the settlement of that town, of which he was agent. 

As soon as the discovery was made he began to advo- 
cate the opening of the quarry, but the principal pro- 
prietors of the town, upon investigation of the expense 
of opening the quarry, manufacturing the slate, and get- 
ting the product to market, decided that the property 
could not be worked at a profit, but on the contrary, at a 
probable loss. Then Mr. Greenleaf urged upon them 
the proposition of working the quarry for the purpose of 
settling the town, even if it paid no profit, or caused 
something of a loss. Any loss, he considered, would 
be more than offset by the settlement of the town, and 
the increased value of the land. His scheme was to 
advertise for settlers, offering them an opportunity to 
buy land and pay for it by labor in the quarry. This 
plan he thought would be a great inducement, as the 
settlers could work at slate-making winters, when they 
could do but little on their farms, and it was his idea to 
work the quarry principally winters, as the slate could 
be transported to Bangor at that season of the year much 
cheaper than at any other time. 



24 MOSES GREENPEAK : A BIOGRAPHY 

In 1825, slate was selling in Boston for twenty to 
twenty-six dollars per ton, and he estimated that it could 
be laid down in Boston for a sum not exceeding twenty 
dollars. His estimate was as follows : 

Quarrying, dressing etc. per ton $ 6 00 

Freight to Bangor " 12 00 

Freight from Bangor to Boston per ton 2 00 

Total $ 20 00 

He thought that they could without doubt obtain for 
the slate, as much as the labor and transportation would 
cost them, and as the labor was all to be paid for in land, 
it would be a profitable enterprise for the owners of the 
township. 

Although he had a very extended correspondence 
with the proprietors, and furnished them estimates of 
the cost of manufacture and transportation to the minutest 
details, he failed to secure their sanction to the project. 
Undoubtedly the outlay of two or three thousand dollars 
which would be necessary at the outset, was the prin- 
cipal difficulty. 

There are large deposits of slate in the township, but 
it has never been quarried to any extent to this day. 
The quarries in Brownville were somewhat better situated 
for transportation, and they have been extensively 
worked. Had Mr. Greenleaf succeeded in opening the 
quarries in Williamsburg, the result might have been 
different. 



IN WIUJAMSBURG 25 

Mr. Greenleaf's biography would not be complete 
without a mention of the difficulties he experienced in 
settling the township, as it throws a light on the great 
labors required in his private affairs, of which the public 
knew not of, all performed during the time which he 
was preparing for the public, his books and maps. 

In 1806, when he made his contract with Mr. Dodd, 
the trend of immigration to Maine was at its height, and 
the prospect for an early settlement of the township was 
propitious. In 1810, when he moved to Williamsburg, 
he brought twelve or thirteen families with him, with a 
total population of seventy-one persons ; but for the ten 
years from 1810 to 1820, he succeeded in bringing only 
six more families into the town, increasing the popula- 
tion to one hundred and seven. The reason for this is 
found mainly, in the state of the country at large. Alter- 
cations between the political parties were spirited, obsti- 
nate and long protracted, and as a result legislation 
regarding the eastern lands was varied, as well as that 
relating to such measures as affected the general welfare 
of the public at large. 

The war of 1812 caused a great depression in business, 
and another reason was the immigration to the western 
states. The war had been particularly disastrous to the 
states on the seaboard, and Maine suffered severely. 
As a result, early in 1815 the tide of immigration turned 
westward, where was promised a mild, even climate, 
rich soil, and long summers. All these circumstances 
tended to retard the settlement of the new townships in 



26 MOSES GREENIvEAF : a BIOGRAPHY 

Maine, and Mr. Greenleaf's town suffered with the rest. 
After the separation in 1820, the policy of the new gov- 
ernment was different from that of Massachusetts. The 
plan was for the state to sell direct to settlers, and not 
by whole townships, and furthermore there was a strong 
feeling against non-resident proprietors. The state offered 
its lands for sale, usually at a price per acre much lower 
than the large owner could afford to sell for. 

The prospect was so dark, that in the fall of 1825 Mr. 
Greenleaf entertained serious intentions of abandoning 
his contract, and leaving the town. He says in a letter 
to Mr. Dodd : "If you will give me and my family the 
value of what we have in the town, and balance all 
matters and accounts between us as we shall find equit- 
able, I will remove at any time on six, or three months 
notice, and part as we have ever lived, good friends. I 
make this proposition because it is no object for me or 
my family to live in this town merely for the sake of 
whatever we can get from farming, for we can do better 
in another place." 

His correspondence with the proprietors sheds much 
light on the difficulties encountered in peopling the wil- 
derness of the state, but as it is not strictly biograph- 
ical of Mr. Greenleaf, I will not quote further from it 
here ; extended selections from it will be found in the 
appendix. 

Soon after the publication of his Statistical View of 
Maine, he commenced collecting material for his second 



IN WIIvUAMSBURG 27 

work, the Survey of Maine, and all his spare moments 
from 1820 to 1829 were devoted to the preparation of 
this book, and the valuable atlas and map which accom- 
panied it. 

As an illustration of the arduous undertaking, and 
the vicissitudes endured in the collection of material for 
his maps and books, may be related the following 
incident. 

On one of his trips into the interior to explore and 
locate the lakes and rivers Mr. Greenleaf was accom- 
panied by William Cushing Hammatt as an assistant. 
They had penetrated far into the heart of the wild and 
lonely forest, many days journey from any settlement, 
carrying with them only such meagre supplies as could 
be packed on their backs. Their work had been nearly 
completed, and the homeward trip was about to be com- 
menced, when one morning Mr. Hammatt was awakened 
by the moans of his companion. Rousing up quickly, 
he found to his consternation that Mr. Greenleaf was 
seriously ill. 

The grave situation in which they found themselves 
was calmly discussed. The provisions on hand were 
barely enough to sustain them on the journey home, 
provided it could be made with ordinary speed; but 
after a heroic effort to start out, it was found that Mr. 
Greenleaf was too ill to travel at all. Overwork and 
exposure had sowed the germs of typhoid fever, and that 
disease was firmly seated. 



28 MOSES GREENIvEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 

For Mr. Hammatt to stay, was certain death to both 
of them through starvation, for him to leave, seemed 
almost certain death to Mr. Greenleaf , through suffering 
and exposure. But no alternative was presented, and 
the sufferer bravely insisting that it was the only course 
to pursue, and that he could take care of himself, Mr. 
Hammatt after preparing a bed of boughs, placing food 
and water within the reach of the sick man, and bidding 
him a farewell which seemed to him must be a last one, 
left him alone in the vast solitude of the woods and 
started out to the nearest settlement for assistance and 
supplies. 

The journey out and the return consumed a week or 
more of time, and when Mr. Hammatt returned with 
assistance and a physician, the sufferer was found in a 
very weak condition, barely conscious, and seemingly 
near the point of death. A stretcher was made, and 
Mr. Greenleaf was carried on it to his home in Williams- 
burg, where he recovered, after a long illness. 

Such were the dangers encountered, and the trials 
endured in his pursuit of knowledge for the benefit of 
others. The effects of this illness were never fully 
recovered from. It left him with a perceptible limp in 
his walk, causing him to use a cane the rest of his life, 
and slightly stooping shoulders remained as a reminder 
of his terrible experience. 

The Survey of Maine, with the accompanying atlas 
and map, appeared in February, 1829. On February 4, 



IN WILLIAMSBURG 29 

1829, he issued the following circular, relative to the 
publication : 

"The expense which has been incurred in the com- 
pletion and execution of this work in the best manner, 
having been much greater than was contemplated, a 
necessity exists for an immediate sale. An opportunity- 
has been offered for those citizens of this State who wish 
to supply themselves with copies, and this opportunity 
will be open until the whole are ready for delivery, when 
all copies not then subscribed for must be sent to other 
States for sale without delay. Gentlemen therefore who 
intend to procure the set, are requested to give their 
names." 

' ' The whole number of sets for sale will not exceed 
520. It is expected that a part of the maps will be ready 
for delivery in about 10 or 12 days, and the remainder 
as fast as they can be finished." 

As stated in another chapter, the result of the publica- 
tion was a pecuniary loss, yet this did not deter Mr. 
Greenleaf from entering upon the work outlined in the 
preface to his book. There he said, "it was intended 
to devote some portion of the work to a distinct consid- 
eration of the absolute and relative wealth of the State, 
and its different component parts — value and import- 
ance of its lands — facilities for — kinds, extent, and 
expediency of internal improvements — and its general 
resources ; but the time when the publication must be 
completed was limited, and an important part of the 



30 MOSES GREENXEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 

materials for these subjects could not be obtained until 
after this time. It was thought better therefore to omit 
their introduction altogether for the present ; in the hope 
that circumstances will permit, at a future time, a more 
extended notice of them, and under greater advantages 
for useful results, than was possible at present." 

In 1831 he had some plates engraved for an additional 
volume, and had material collected on the subjects above 
outlined, but at the time of his death he had not com- 
menced upon its publication. 

In the latter part of the twenties the railroad became 
a recognized feature in the transportation of freight and 
passengers, and Mr. Greenleaf at this time became 
actively interested in it, as a means for the development 
of Maine. In 1833 he obtained from the legislature the 
first charter for a railroad, granted in this state. 

The corporate name was the Bangor and Piscataquis 
Canal & Railroad Company. The incorporators besides 
himself were, Henry W. Fuller, Benjamin B. Gilman, 
Joseph L,ee, Francis Brown, Kbenezer Greenleaf, Stephen 
Palmer, David Shepherd, Mark G. Pitman and Henry 
K. Adams ; all distinguished pioneers of Piscataquis 
County, with the exception of Mr. Fuller, who was a 
resident of Augusta. 

By the terms of the charter they were authorized to 
build a railway from any point on tide water in the 
town of Bangor, to any or all of the quarries or natural 
deposits of slate in the town of Williamsburg, either by 



THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

Co all to toljom tf)ese presents sljall come, 

GREETING : 

B,tlOtO £e, That We 

confiding in the ability, discretion, and integrity of 

have assigned, constituted, and appointed, and by 
these Presents do assign, constitute, and appoint him, 
the said <iW/^ wteCfaCCO/p , Esquire, 



Z?- tit/ «• ''Jv#/2 t? to be one of our Justices of the Peace, within and for 
the County of tA/cc/^e^c^<Jj^ for and during 
the term of seven years from the date of these 
Presents, if he shall so long behave himself well in 
the said Office. 

<&m toe J>0 ijtxtM authorise anfc enjoin, Mm the said 

O^^if^f yZ-C&M &.&/<" Esquire, to keep, and cause to be kept, 
r -/ 

the Laws and Ordinances made for the good of the peace, and for the 

conservation of the same, and for the quiet rule and government of 
our citizens and subjects in the said County ; and to execute and 
perform all the powers and duties which by our Laws appertain to 
the said Office, so long as he the said <-^US6f </?Sf/s f.^// 
Esquire, shall hold the same by virtue of these Presents. 

3fnHkStUn0ngto!)Cit0f, We have caused our Seal to be hereunto affixed, 
Witness, His fj-,r,-< /: 

our Governor, hy and with the advice and consent of our Council. 
Given at. - ■ '- .- the/^^^^-^-iday of O'-e^&e^— 

in the year of our. Lord one thousand eight hundred and &&* 
and in ike //C^ </s«'*/.?Jt year of 'the Independence of 
the United States of America. 
By Bis Governor. 



'6&/>fen' <&?-^ i £>6&? n st^"i<* m 'y "ft'* Commonwealth. 



IN WILLIAMSBURG 31 

a continued line of railroad, or interrupted lines con- 
nected either by natural or artificial means, and they were 
further authorized to extend their line to any points on, 
or near, the waters of the Piscataquis, Sebec, or Pleasant 
Rivers, or their branches, or to any place in the counties 
of Penobscot, (this was before the county of Piscataquis 
was incorporated) or Somerset, west of the Penobscot or 
north of the waters of the Pleasant River. 

The corporation was further authorized to construct 
dams, sluices, canals, locks, inclined planes, booms, 
machines or other works to improve transportation on 
Dead Stream, Pleasant and Sebec Rivers, and their 
branches, and to make use of the natural lakes and 
ponds. The chief promotor of the corporation was Moses 
Greenleaf, but he did not live to see the fruit of his 
labors. He was the pioneer in advocating the railroad 
for Maine, and with what rare good judgment, and 
keen discernment as to the possibilities and results, the 
history of the state for the past fifty years bears testi- 
mony. 

On the twentieth day of March, 1834, at the age of 
fifty-six years five months, and three days, in the prime 
of his manood, at the pinnacle of his success, at the time 
when his plans for the development of the country in 
whose behalf he had expended his best energy, and much 
material pelf, seemed most likely to be realized, his life 
went out. But today the results of that life are still 
potent factors in the affairs of our state, and particularly 



32 MOSES GREENLEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 

in the eastern section of Maine, the name of Judge 
Greenleaf is revered, for his untiring efforts in connec- 
tion with its settlement and development. 

At the court of Probate, holden at Bangor on the 29th 
day of April 1834, the following quaint and informal 
petition for administration upon his estate was acted 
upon. 
" Hon. William D. Williamson, Judge of Probate. 

Williamsburg, Apr. 2, 1834. 

Sir : The recent death of my husband, renders it nec- 
essary that an administrator should be appointed on his 
estate, and as the state of my health renders it impos- 
sible that I should perform the duties thereof, I respect- 
fully request you therefore appoint my son, Bben P. 
Greenleaf for that purpose. 

Very respectfully, I am sir, 

Your friend and Servt. 

PERSIS Greenleaf." 

Bben P. Greenleaf was appointed administrator as 
requested in the petition. The inventory returned by 
appraisers, at the same term of court, showed the estate 
to be valued at $7,549.08. A special allowance out of the 
estate, to the amount of eight hundred dollars, was given 
to the widow. 

At the Probate Court, December 30th, 1834, the estate 
was decreed insolvent, and commissioners were appointed 
to receive, examine and report the claims against the 
estate. The commissioners filed their report in August 



IN WIIvUAMSBURG 33 

1835, showing $5,297.52 in claims due from Mr. Green- 
leaf at the time of his death. A large part of this indebt- 
edness was contracted to carry on his surveys, and to 
publish his maps and books, so valuable to the state, but 
rendering no remuneration to the author. 

The amount of his debts, adding the allowance to the 
widow, and the expenses of administration, would just 
about equal the amount of the inventory ; but the unex- 
pected occurred, in that the railroad stock which at the 
time of Mr. Greenleaf's death was not considered worth 
appraising, was found to be of value. His shares were 
sold for $1,400.00, and by means of this, all bills were 
paid in full, leaving a small sum to be divided among 
his heirs. 

Moses Greenleaf had four children, Ebenezer P., mar- 
ried Mary A. Lee, the daughter of Col. Joseph L,ee, of 
Milo. Clara Parsons, married Rev. William C. Green- 
leaf, a distant relative. Lydia Griswold, married Samuel 
J. Wilder. The youngest child was Moses, married 
Martha Iy. Lee, of Milo. These children all finally settled 
in the state of Illinois. 

In personal appearance Mr. Greenleaf was little above 
the medium height, with an open, fair countenance, 
brown hair, dark hazel eyes, and prominent features. 
He was quick in action as well as in thought and speech, 
but never hurried. He gave one the impression of being 
a person who always knew just what and how to do or 
say a thing, under all circumstances. With children he 



34 MOSES GREENI/EAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

was always a prime favorite, being possessed of peculiarly 
sympathetic and magnetic qualities of temperament, 
which at once admitted him to the innermost recesses of 
their timid natures, and they quickly and instinctively 
discerned that in him they had a friend and champion. 

When he entered the home, it immediately seemed 
permeated with his being, joy, contentment, and quiet 
mirth came with him. Nevertheless he was a man among 
men, and one with firm convictions, and decided opin- 
ions, and zealous to defend them ; sometimes rendering 
himself politically unpopular by his severity of expression 
in discussing political issues. 

He had an ear for music, and played with some degree 
of skill upon the bass viol. 

Possessed of a turn of mind inclined to investigate 
every subject to his own personal satisfaction, in early 
life he made no profession of religion, but was rather 
inclined to be skeptical ; however as he reached maturer 
years he accepted the consolations of religion, and became 
a member of the Episcopal Church. 

Frank and accessible, genial and agreeable, fearless 
and honest, he was a man to be revered for his integrity 
and sterling worth, and to be particularly remembered by 
the people of Maine, for his unceasing labors in behalf 
of the development of the state. 

Mr. Greenleaf was prominent in masonic affairs ; his 
good judgment and calm deliberation having served the 
craft well, in times of need. 



IN WILLIAMSBURG or 

He cleared ana ^ iuoZ^^f' °" ^ ^ 
in the shade of the W ^ T^ wude ™ess, almost 
during the vea' S^ Shefe « d *« and his, 



during the years of his labor. 



III. FIRST BOOK. 1816 

THE first book written by Moses Greenleaf, was his 
Statistical View of Maine. The title page in full 
is as follows : 

" A | Statistical View | of the | District of Maine ; | 
more especially | with reference to the value and 
importance | of its | Interior. | Addressed to the 
consideration | of the | Legislators of Massa- 
chusetts, | by | Moses Greenleaf Esq. | Saluspub- 
lica mea merces. | Boston : | Published by Cum- 
mings and Hilliard, at the Boston | Bookstore, 
No. 1, Cornhill. | 1816." 
The book is an octavo, and consists of 154 pages and 
about six pages of preface, and is divided into thirteen 
chapters. It was accompanied by a map of the state, or 
rather the book was published to accompany the map ; 
but nothing will be said of the map under this chapter, 
as the editor has devoted a chapter to the Greenleaf 
maps elsewhere in this volume. 

The author makes excuse for his book, saying, "Long 
and attentive inquiry and observation had convinced the 



FIRST BOOK 37 

writer that the real value and character of the extensive 
wilderness was very imperfectly understood, even by 
those to whom a correct knowledge of it Was most impor- 
tant." And further, in relation to the scope of the work, 
" it will be perceived, that the principal object of the 
work is the importance of the interior of the country." 

A greater part of the text of the work is drawn from 
the author's personal observations, and the intimate 
knowledge which he displayed in regard to the country 
about which he wrote, caused him at once to be recog- 
nized as an authority on the subject. 

The chapter headings are as follows: I. Situation, 
Extent and Boundaries. II. Characteristic Divisions. 
III. Remarks on the Climate. IV. Soil and Products. 
V. Progress of Population. VI. Commerce. VII. 
Manufactures. VIII. Progress of New Settlements. 
IX. Value of Land. X. Relative Wealth. XI. Non- 
Resident Proprietor of Land. XII. Sales and Grants 
of I^and. XIII. General View of the Interior Vacant 
Territory, and the Resources of the State in its Wild 
Lands. 

A glance at these titles shows at once the value of the 
contents to the prospective purchaser, and the intelligent 
legislator. As appears by the title page, the volume 
was written with a view of imparting information to 
the Massachusetts legislators, giving to them accurate 
knowledge as to the condition of this section of the 
District, and suggestions as to wise legislation, such as 



38 MOSES greenleaf: a biography 

would tend to promote a rapid settlement of the country, 
and better the condition of the settlers already located 
there. The keynote of the whole work is an urgent 
appeal to the General Court to pass such legislative 
enactments as will favor the commerce of the District, 
and above all to call their attention to the pressing need 
of good roads, to open up communication with the 
interior. 

In chapter XIII, he calls attention to the fact that 
all the commerce of the eastern and northern sections, 
including about one-half of the territory of the District, 
will naturally find its markets at points on the St. John 
and St. Lawrence, unless measures are seasonably taken 
to provide good roads to markets within the District, 
and suggests as one very feasible method, a water 
way by means of canals, dams and locks, connecting 
the various rivers and lakes, extending from tide water 
to the far interior. It will be interesting at the present 
day to notice the route which he laid out. 

Commencing at Bangor at the mouth of the Kendus- 
keag River, follow up this stream, and with the aid of 
a three mile canal reach Pushaw Pond ; through this 
pond and up Dead stream, to a small pond (Boyd Lake) 
in township number one in the eighth Range, (now Orne- 
ville); thence by canal three miles to the Piscataquis 
River, up the Piscataquis, Sebec stream and Sebec I,ake, 
to the head of Sebec L,ake, up Ship pond stream and 
the chain of ponds on this water, thence by canal about 



STATISTICAL VIEW 

OF THE 

DISTRICT OF MAINE; 

MORE ESPECIALLY 

WITH REFERENCE TO THE VALUE AND IMPORTANCE, 

OF IT3 

INTERIOR. 

ADDRESSED TO THE CONSIDERATION 

OF THE 

LEGISLATORS OF MASSACHUSETTS, 

BY 

MOSES GREENLEAF, ESQ. 



• AI.CS PCBLICA MEA BJEUCE 5 



BOSTON : 

FVBLJSHED BY CL'MMINGS AND HILiUKD, A.T THF. IiOSTOW 
HOflKSrORE, NO. 1. COHJHILU 



FIRST BOOK 39 

three miles across to Wilson pond, and from Wilson 
pond by canal across to Moosehead Lake ; thence up to 
the head of this lake and by canal one and one-half miles 
to the west branch of the Penobscot River, down this 
river into Chesuncook Lake, up the Umbazukscus River 
into a small pond at its head, (now called Umbazukscus 
Lake), then by canal one and one-half miles to another 
small pond ( Mud Pond) , and from there into Aphmoo- 
jeenegamook (Chamberlain) Lake. "This lake" he 
says, "with two smaller ones below it, (now known as 
Eagle and Churchhill) affords good navigation for about 
forty miles farther, to their outlet in the river St. John ; 
which is passable for boats, for more than one hundred 
miles to the Grand Falls, with the exception of one 
portage of about twenty rods." This, he said, could be 
accomplished by building not over fifteen and one-half 
miles of canal, and a few locks, dams and tow-paths, 
opening up a water way through the unsettled interior 
about three hundred miles long, materially increasing 
the value of the state lands, and affording to the settlers 
in the northern and eastern sections access to a market 
in their own country. 

The other chapters of the book are confined more to 
statistical and historical data, and were a source of 
reliable and trustworthy information regarding the sub- 
jects about which they treated. 

The material for the volume was practically all 
gathered by Mr. Greenleaf's personal efforts ; he had no 



40 MOS3S GREENI/EJAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

large libraries to consult, and state and government 
reports were exceedingly few, and the information fur- 
nished by them was correspondingly meager. The 
material was gathered by personal investigation and 
observation, and extended correspondence ; and such 
reliable information as could be gleaned from the state 
records was embodied in the work. 

This is one of the very first volumes published regard- 
ing the physical resources of Maine, and the first that 
related solely to the undeveloped interior. The Massa- 
chusetts legislature recognized the value and importance 
of Mr. Greenleaf's labors, and in January, 1816, author- 
ized a subscription for one thousand copies of the book 
at seventy-five cents, and the same number of the maps 
at three dollars each. 

The book had a widespread influence upon the citizens 
of Massachusetts proper, and even to those of the Dis- 
trict of Maine in bringing about a proper understanding of 
the commercial and industrial resources of Maine. The 
estimates of the character of the soil, and the predictions 
as to what would be the chief commercial products, time 
has proved to be, in the main, correct. In speaking of 
the Aroostook territory he says, " The country watered 
by the St. John and its numerous branches, forms the 
largest section of the interior of Maine. In the eastern 
part of this, the surface is comparatively very level, lying 
generally in broad, gentle swells, of an excellent soil. 
On the streams are large and rich intervales." This 



FIRST BOOK 41 

was written when there was scarcely a settlement in that 
portion of the state. He realized the value of the lum- 
ber interests, and the facilities for getting it to the 
markets, and recognized that the agriculture of the state 
must be fostered and encouraged in order to populate 
the wilderness. 

It is remarkable that with his multitudinous duties, 
Mr. Greenleaf could have found the time to have accom- 
plished this work. None of it could have been done 
prior to his taking up his residence in Williamsburg, for 
previous to that time he did not possess the intimate 
knowledge of the needs of the settler, and of the condi- 
tions existing in the interior, neither could he have been 
able to so well judge as to just what was necessary to 
better the conditions, and develop the country. 

As early as 1813 he had the book well under way, 
after only a three year's residence in the country about 
which he wrote, and during this short time he had 
cleared his farm, and erected his dwelling, besides 
attending to the many duties devolving upon him by 
virtue of his contract with Mr. Dodd relating to the 
settlement of the township. 

He was also a magistrate, and the work occasioned 
by this office was not small in amount, as the papers 
and documents found among his effects prove. 

The book was well received by the public, who were 
at all interested in the subject of which it treated. The 
September number of the North American Review for 



42 MOSES GREENI,EAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

1816, in an anti-separation article of sixty-three pages 
addressed to the Massachusetts legislature, devoted 
about twent3 r pages to a review of Mr. Greenleaf's book, 
and uses it as the basis for the article. 

In reviewing the book it says, in part : " We cannot 
but believe, notwithstanding the attention of the State 
has been frequently, and for a great number of years, 
called to the situation of the District of Maine, and its 
interests ; and several times, even to the very subject 
before us, that yet the great body of the people, of both 
parts of the State, are really, at the present moment, 
very much in the dark on these subjects ; very ignorant 
of the statistics of the District of Maine, and of the 
mutual benefits and disadvantages flowing from our 
present connection, or likely to result from its continu- 
ance. Perhaps we cannot better prepare our readers to 
form an opinion on these interesting questions, than by 
taking a cursory view of the little work of Mr. Green- 
leaf, which we are very glad to be able to recommend for 
their perusal. The principal object of the author was to 
call the attention of the public, and of the Legislature, 
in particular, to the interior country, to do away incorrect 
notions respecting the value of that part of the State, 
and to show that " by neglect or mismanagement, it may 
be depressed almost to a cypher ; and by judicious and 
efficient measures in opening the way and directing the 
attention of settlers, it may be increased to a degree 
almost beyond calculation." In doing this, he has 



FIRST BOOK 43 

extended his inquiries to the situation geographical and 
statistical, of Maine generally, and has given us a con- 
cise account of the population, wealth, resources, 
condition, and character of the District, " as a guide to 
estimate its future progress and importance," as per- 
fect, in most respects, perhaps, as (considering the 
"deficiency of documents and records of facts," of 
which he complains, "we could at present have any 
reason to expect.") We cannot, however, but regret, 
that in attending to his principal object, he has omitted 
to notice some subjects relative to the political economy 
and statistics of the District, and has given but a very 
brief account of others, when the means of information 
were within his reach. Mr. Greenleaf informs us, that 
the subject, on which he writes, has been the object of 
his inquiries for many years past, and the public are 
certainly much indebted to him for the pains he has 
taken to furnish information of facts, so important, and 
yet so little known. We may place more confidence in 
these statements, which he makes respecting the country ( 
since they come from a man, who resides far in the 
interior country near the center of the District, and not 
far from the wild lands, and whose pursuits, have led 
him to notice, and whose opportunities have allowed him 
to inquire and examine into the state of the country in 
its various parts. His remarks generally show a consid- 
erable knowledge of the science of political economy and 
with every part of the country, of which he attempts to 



44 MOSES GREENLEAF: A BIOGRAPHY 

give us a correct account ; and his calculations and 
reasonings, respecting the settlement and future value of 
the interior, to which his attention seems to have been 
more particularly given, are, to say the least of them, 
ingenious, and discover a mind well accustomed to 
mathematical exactness, as well as to speculation and 
reflection." 

Following this is a careful review of nearly all the 
chapters of the book, and in closing the critic remarks : 
" We have taken this view of Mr. Greenleaf's book, 
chiefly to call the attention of our readers to the situa- 
tion, resources, and growing importance of the District 
of Maine, and to enable them from these data better to 
appreciate justly the mutual advantages and disadvan- 
tages, arising from the political connection of Massa- 
chusetts and Maine, under one government, and the 
consequences that will flow from the contemplated sepa- 
ration, if effected in the manner, and on the terms and 
conditions, for which the legislature at their last session 
provided." 

The book appeared at a time when the separation 
from Massachusetts was being most actively agitated, 
and must have had a great influence in Maine in favor 
of the measure, as it was practically the only book to 
refer to for accurate information on the subject of the 
resources, possibilities, and probabilities of the develop- 
ment of the state. 



FIRST BOOK 45 

While on the pages of the written history of the ' ' sep- 
aration," Mr. Greenleaf's name does not appear, yet we 
cannot but believe that as much credit is due to him as 
to any one person, in bringing the measure to a favor- 
able ending. Not so much with Massachusetts, (for his 
writings would tend to cause them to desire to hold the 
territory), as with the people of Maine herself, by lead- 
ing them to proper conceptions of their own wealth and 
power, and to the fact that within the boundaries of the 
District there was abundant material to form an inde- 
pendent state, and one that could produce sufficient 
revenue to support a government which would rank 
favorably with the others of the Union. 

This volume has the honorable distinction of being 
the first publication relating exclusively to Maine, to 
receive legislative aid, thereby becoming a quasi public 
document. No collection of Maine historical literature 
is complete without the volume which is now quite rare. 



IT. SECOND BOOK. SURVEY OF MAINE. 1829 

THE second book of which Mr. Greenleaf was the 
author, was published in 1829. The full title was 
as follows : 

" A Survey | of the | State of Maine | in reference to 
its | Geographical Features, | Statistics and Poli- 
tical Economy ; | illustrated by Maps. | by Moses 
Greenleaf. j Portland : | Published by Shirley and 
Hyde. | 1829." 
The volume is an octavo and contained 468 pages. 
The work in many respects resembled his former pro- 
duction, but it was more complete as to details, more 
voluminous in statistics, and devoted considerable space 
to the political economy and educational interests of the 
state, which were not touched upon in the " Statistical 
View." As is stated elsewhere in this volume, the book 
was published in conjunction with the map of Maine, 
and was accompanied by an atlas illustrating the text. 

The history of this volume is the same as that of the 
map, for the book, atlas and map were each a part of 
one complete whole, were issued at the same time, and 



SECOND BOOK. SURVEY OP MAINE 47 

were prepared with that object in view ; each one in a 
measure dependent on the other. 

The foundation was laid in 1816 when his first work 
appeared, and the present volume was the result of more 
extended research, together with the additional statistics 
and historical matter, from 1816 to 1829. 

Since Maine had been admitted into the Union as an 
independent state, her people had become more interested 
in her history, and the progress of her development, and 
Mr. Greenleaf considered it an opportune time to present 
to the citizens another statistical and historical treatise. 
As in the previous work, he deplores the absence of 
complete records in the archives of the state, where such 
matters should be carefully preserved, but such records 
as were to be found were made use of, and much other 
statistical matter was collected from private sources. 

The book is divided into twelve chapters, with an 
appendix. The title of chapter I, is Extent and Boun- 
daries, and nearly thirty pages are devoted to this sub- 
ject, while in his previous book there were less than 
three. The reason for this is an able discussion of the 
northeastern boundary question, which at this period was 
an all absorbing topic with the people of Maine. " The 
deep interest in the subject felt by the people of this 
State," says the author, " and the value of the territory 
as it respects the resources, and even the safety, of the 
state, as well as its importance as a frontier to the nation 
at large, will at least justify, and perhaps require, an 



48 MOSES GREENI^AF : A BIOGRAPHY 

assignment of the reason for these opinions, and some 
notice of the origin, extent, and merits of the British 
claim to a new boundary!" Following these introduc- 
tory observations, he traces the history of the boundary 
question from the time of the fixing of the northwest 
angle of Nova Scotia in 1763, down to the period of his 
writing. This chapter, and the maps in the atlas illus- 
trating it, form one of the most concise, and at the same 
time one of the most lucid and convincing explana- 
tions of this much disputed question anywhere to be 
found. 

Chapter II. Face of the country. This he divided, 
under three sub-titles : Mountains and Highland Ranges ; 
Valleys and Rivers. Under the first of these subdivisions 
he gives a very complete description of the mountains and 
tablelands of the state, and the merits and demerits of 
the various surveys of the American and British govern- 
ments, in the search for the " true range " of highlands 
as a boundary, mentioned in the treaty of Ghent, is 
discussed. With relation to the valleys, those of the 
Kennebec, Penobscot and St. John, are given as the 
ones of chiefest importance, and something of a descrip- 
tion is given of each, followed by a brief mention of some 
of those of lesser consequence, including those of the 
Aroostook, Androscoggin and St. Croix. Quite an 
extended account is given of the rivers of the state, for 
at the time when he wrote, it was by the means of these 
that transportation to and from the interior was to be 



SECOND BOOK. SURVEY OP MAINE 49 

had, and it was then considered that the development 
of the state depended in a large measure on the naviga- 
tion of the rivers reaching into the interior. The possi- 
bilities for navigation were discussed at some length, 
also estimates were made as to the cost of erecting dams, 
locks and canals where feasable, in order to aid in 
making some of the most important rivers navigable to 
a greater distance into the interior. 

Chapter III. Discusses the climate of Maine, and is 
illustrated by numerous comparative tables. The larger 
part is devoted to statistics and data relative to the effect 
of the forests upon the temperature. The author states 
that history confirms the theory, that as the face of the 
earth is cleared of the forests, the climate becomes 
milder, and consequently the summer season longer. 

Chapter IV. Is devoted to Natural Products. Mr. 
Greenleaf says, " the most important native production 
of the State, so far as known at present, whether as 
it regards quantity or utility, is its forest trees." Follow- 
ing this statement is a list of nearly all the known trees 
of the state, giving the latin and common names, the 
section of the state where found, and the principal uses 
of the timber. It is interesting to note that some of the 
timber for which there is a ready demand at the present 
time was then considered to be of little or no value. 
For example : Fir. ' ' Grows in low lands — cold soil — 
not much used." White Birch. " Cabinet Work &c. 
Bark, used by the Indians for canoes, &c." Poplar. 



50 MOSES GREENLEAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

' ' A common growth after fires have overrun the original 
forests." No use to which this valuable timber can be 
put is given. 

Next comes a list of the mineral deposits of the state, 
so far as known. The deposit of iron at township num- 
ber six, ninth range (Katadin Iron Works) is noted, 
and the slate deposits in Piscataquis county ; those at 
Williamsburg and Shirley being mentioned. Mr. Green- 
leaf himself, was the discoverer of the Piscataquis slate, 
although he modestly refrains from mentioning the fact 
in his book. 

The fishing industry, and the manufacture of salt by 
the citizens of the coast, are referred to in the closing 
lines of the chapter. 

Chapter V. Is entitled Divisions. It does not treat 
of the political or physical divisions of the state, as might 
be supposed by a glance at the title, but rather it classi- 
fies the divisions of trade centers, existing on account of 
the accessibility of certain towns to the territory in their 
vicinity, and the trade consequently centering there. 

He divided the state into four principal districts, one 
with Portland as a trade center, covering about 2,800 
square miles of territory, another with Hallowell (includ- 
ing Augusta and Gardiner) as the chief town, accommo- 
dating about 3,500 square miles. The Bangor district is 
the third, which the author asserts, will naturally be the 
trade center for nearly one-half of the state, although at 



A SURVEY 



STATE OF MAINS, 



IN REFERENCE TO ITS 



GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, 



STATISTICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY ; 



ILLUSTRATED BV MAPS. 



BY MOSES GREENLEAF. 



PORTLAND 

PUBLISHED BV SHIRLEY AND HYDE. 
1839. 



SECOND BOOK. SURVEY OF MAINE 51 

the time of the publication of his book a large section of 
northern Maine had trade communications with the 
British Provinces. 

Mr. Greenleaf in this, as in his previous work, urges a 
liberal spirit on the part of the government, in opening 
and improving communication with the northern section 
of the state, thereby leading to districts within our own 
borders, and especially to the Bangor district, the trade 
of all that extensive region of the Aroostook and the St. 
John. 

The fourth, and last division, was that having Calais 
for its principal town, and accommodated about 2,500 
square miles. 

The population of the state will naturally form itself 
into these four divisions, he states, "connected with, 
moving round, as many separate central points, united, 
each within itself, by ties of mutual convenience, and 
common interests and habits ; but severed from all the 
rest except so far as an elevated and liberal tone of 
public sentiment may unite them. The result of these 
circumstances may be mutual jealousies, narrow and 
discordant views, and illiberal competitions, or it may be 
a liberal spirit of enterprise and honorable competition." 

The chapter closed with an appeal to the intelligent 
and thinking people of the state, to ever have in mind 
the welfare of the state at large, rather than foster 
jealousies in promoting a particular division or locality, 
without looking to the prosperity of the whole. 



52 MOSES GREENLEAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

Chapter VI, Population, gives a summary of the 
progress of the settlement of the State from the year 
1750 to 1820. There are given in connection with the 
chapter, fifteen valuable and interesting tables, showing 
the population of the State, at different periods, and 
giving comparisons with other States, the number 
engaged in the various industries, gains by natural 
increase and immigration, density of the population, 
progress of settlement by counties, and the physical 
strength of Maine compared with other States of the 
Union. 

The slavery question is discussed at some length, with 
relation to the value of slave labor, and possible conse- 
quences of a slave population in time of war. Estimates 
are also given as to the future increase in population. 

The seventh chapter is devoted to Agriculture, and 
gives a summary of the agricultural interests of the 
State, estimates of the amount of capital invested, 
annual products, exports, acreage, and the value of the 
lands. The author urges a more careful and intelligent 
application to this most important industry, which he 
believes to be the foundation of the future prosperity 
of the inhabitants. 

Chapters VIII and IX relate to commerce and manu- 
factures respectively. Fifty-four pages are devoted to 
the commercial interests of the State, and seventeen 
tables are interspersed among them. These tables relate 



SECOND BOOK. SURVEY OF MAINE 53 

principally to the tonnage and its value, and to exports 
and imports, and were prepared at a great expense of 
both time and labor. 

The commercial importance of Maine, Mr. Greenleaf 
considered to be great. The opening sentence of the 
chapter is as follows : ' ' From the earliest settlement of 
Maine, the character of its inhabitants has been, in a 
great proportion, that of a commercial people." The 
great natural resources in lumber and fisheries, and the 
ease with which they were prepared for marketing, had 
induced the early settlers to commercial pursuits, and 
the author was of the opinion that while agriculture was 
at the time of his writing, the occupation of about five- 
sixths of the population, yet the commercial instinct was 
indelibly impressed as a principal trait in the character 
of the inhabitants. 

He states that the chief commerce consists in the 
lumber products, fish, and some agricultural commo- 
dities, and follows with a statistical and historical 
review of the commercial industries of the State, and 
various speculations and predictions as to the future, 
referring to the unlimited water powers, scattered all 
over the country, and the facility with which they may 
be developed, the population capable of being sustained, 
the commercial advantages, and the industry and enter- 
prise of the inhabitants, concluding that Maine will take 
precedence of not only the greater part of the states, but 
far from impossible, of any one of them. 



54 MOSES GREENI^AF : A BIOGRAPHY 

Relating to the manufactures , he gives all the informa- 
tion that it was possible for him to acquire in regard to 
them, giving the relative proportion of Maine compared 
with Massachusetts, and with the United States as a 
whole ; also estimates of capital invested, and tables 
exhibiting the amount and value of the more important 
articles manufactured. 

Kven at this early date he anticipates the time when 
the lumber supply will be exhausted, and that the citi- 
zens will then be obliged to turn their energies to other 
pursuits. 

Up to this point in the book the author has conformed 
quite closely to the general plan of his previous volume, 
but in chapter X, Revenues and Public Burdens, he 
enters upon a new field. Here he discusses the political 
economy of the state from the time of its formation to 
the time of his writing, showing by tables the receipts 
from all sources, and the expenditures made to carry on 
the government. He classifies the expenditures under 
four general heads : I. Guardian or Distributive, includ- 
ing the support of the executive, legislature, courts, 
milita, &c ; II. Productive, being sums expended for 
surveys, and management of the public lands, location 
and opening of roads, and money expended for educa- 
tional purposes ; III. Unproductive, for support of 
paupers, pensions, care of Indians, &c, and IV. Mis- 
cellaneous. 



SECOND BOOK. SURVEY OF MAINE 55 

He neither criticises nor commends the policy of the 
government, but leaves the reader to draw his own con- 
clusions from his statement of facts and figures. 

After the completion of the chapter two appendices are 
added ; the first is titled Circulating Medium, and is a 
discussion of the state banking system, and contains 
much valuable information and many suggestions re- 
garding this important subject. The second is devoted 
to the Military, and is a brief sketch of this department 
of state, giving comparisons showing the increase in 
that department from 1820 to 1827, and estimates of the 
value of the, arms, ammunition and accoutrements on 
hand, followed by a short discussion of the expense of 
maintaining the militia, and the distribution of the 
burden on the inhabitants. 

The chapter as a whole exhibits on the part of the 
author a considerable understanding of the principles of 
political economy, and the practical workings of govern- 
ment. 

Education, is the title of chapter XI. Here the reader 
finds the history of education in Maine, during the first 
eight years of the existence of the state, together with 
a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the 
then existing common school system. 

Mr. Greenleaf was an ardent supporter of free schools, 
and throughout the chapter the careful reader will dis- 
cover the prophecy of the coming of our present high 
school system. He gives a comparison of the expense to 



56 MOS3S GREENI^AF : A BIOGRAPHY 

the pupil, in acquiring an education at the academies, 
of which at this early date there were twenty-eight in the 
state, with that in the common schools, and the ancient 
grammer schools of Massachusetts, showing a greatly in- 
creased expense to the academy student, or his family. 
He states that he does not wish to be considered as 
antagonistic to the academy, but simply makes the com- 
parison to show that the academies do not furnish educa- 
tional opportunities at so low a figure as might be 
afforded by a higher graded system in the common 
schools. 

He says, ' ' encourage the one as far as may be useful ; 
but neglect not the other." 

There are three valuable tables given in connection 
with the chapter; I, showing the number attending the 
common schools in each town, and the amount raised to 
support the schools, the number of school districts, num- 
ber of months of school, &c.&c; II, List of academies, 
the date of incorporation and amount of land granted to 
each ; III, Statement and estimate of funds, receipts, 
expenditures, and number of pupils attending the 
academies. 

The last pages of the chapter are devoted to short 
historical sketches of the leading educational institutions 
of the state, including Bowdoin College, Waterville 
College, Bangor Theological Seminary, Maine Wesleyan 
Seminary, and the Gardiner Lyceum. 



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SECOND BOOK. SURVEY OF MAINE. 57 

Chapter XII, and the last one of the book, is entitled 
Grants and Sales of L,and. In this the author digresses 
somewhat from the plan of adhering to strictly statis- 
tical and theoretical matter, and gives a short historical 
sketch of the early political relations between Maine and 
Massachusetts, and the causes which led up to the sale 
by Gorges of the Patent of the Province of Maine, and 
further the charter of William and Mary in 1691, of the 
territory lying between the Province of Maine and Nova 
Scotia. 

A concise statement of the history of all the early 
grants is given, describing the territory, and conflicting 
boundaries, from the time of the first grant in 1606, by 
James I of England, down to the treaty of peace in 
1783. 

Following the text of the chapter are forty-seven pages 
devoted to seven tables exhibiting the grants and sales of 
land in each of the several towns of the state, from the 
earliest settlement down to the time of Mr. Greenleaf's 
writing. This was the first attempt ever made by any 
person to compile from the records complete lists of all 
the lands alienated by the government, and the work it 
entailed was a great undertaking. Perhaps this chapter 
is of the most pratical value to-day, of any in the book. 
In his Statistical View in 1816, a history of the early 
grants and sales is given in chapter XIII, but with 
nothing like the completeness of that in the Survey. 



58 MOSKS GRE^NI/SAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

Regarded as a whole this book is one of the most im- 
portant works relating to Maine, ever published, and 
exhibits the wonderful fund of knowledge of which the 
author was posessed regarding the physical, political, and 
historical characteristics of the state of Maine. With 
the voluminous and accurate reports now issued yearly 
from the many state departments, we can hardly realize 
the almost insurmountable difficulties encountered in 
preparing such a work as this, and especially in the com- 
piling of the numerous statistical tables. Only a man 
possessed of indomitable energy, and with unswerving 
purpose could have accomplished it, the first of its kind 
in the state. 



V. THE GEEENLEAF MAPS 



"The civilization of a country may be determined by the maps 
of the territory." — Napoleon. 



WHIIyE to the student of Maine history Mr. 
Greenleaf is still known by his writings, yet 
his enduring fame was acquired from the compilation 
of his maps. These were his great life work, and that 
on which his reputation as a conspicuous character in 
Maine history may safely rest. 

Previous to 1800 there had been four or five separate 
maps of Maine published, which made some pretentions 
to a delineation of the whole territory of the state, and 
possibly one or two others embodied in atlases and his- 
tories. Osgood Carleton prepared a small map of the 
state some time prior to 1795; it was only lOf x8 in 
size and bears no date. In 1795 he published a large 
map under the direction of the General Court of Massa- 
chusetts. This was 53x36 in size, and purported to be 
an accurate map of the entire state from actual surveys ; 
in the same year he prepared a map 16x20 in size, 
inserted in Sullivan's (James) History of the District of 



60 MOSES GREENLEAE: A BIOGRAPHY 

Maine. The large map was issued in three other edi- 
tions, viz : in 1798, 1799 and 1802, but they were all 
practically identical with the first edition. 

D. F. Sotzmann in 1798 published a map 25x17 in 
size, compiled by C. B. Bohn, and in 1795 a small map 
9§xl4£ appeared with the following inscription, 
"The Province of Maine from the Best Authorities"; 
this map did not bear any publisher's imprint, neither 
did the author's name appear upon it, but it is from the 
same plate as the one in Carey's American Edition of 
Guthrie's Geography which appeared in 1796. This 
map was compiled by Samuel I,ewis and engraved by 
W. Barker. 

These together with the maps published with the 
atlases above referred to, were all which made any 
pretentions to being maps of the entire state ; and these 
showed nothing with any degree of accuracy but the 
settled towns in the southern part of the state, giving no 
idea of the topography of the northern section, that por- 
tion being but a blank on the map, with one or two rivers 
put in at random. Nothing whatever was known by the 
outside world of the vast interior, with its net work of 
streams, rivers, ponds, and great lakes ; the southern 
part while correct in the main, exhibited many errors. 

When Mr. Greenleaf first became interested in Maine, 
and its great possibilities for development and settlement, 
no map of the state was in existence which would give 
to the prospective settler or land purchaser, any adequate 



THK GRKKNLEAF MAPS 61 

conception of the surface of the interior, or its acces- 
sability to markets by means of the great water ways. 
The great and pressing need of an accurate map was 
self-evident, and Mr. Greenleaf cast about him to find 
the means to secure one. 

An actual survey of the whole state was out of the 
question, as it would have been impossible to secure an 
appropriation from the government sufficient for the 
purpose ; his private means would not admit of such an 
undertaking on his personal account, and furthermore 
the receipts from the sale of the map would not have 
reimbursed him, only in a small degree, for the expen- 
diture. The only apparent feasable method left open to 
him, was to collect together all the existing maps, and 
all plans from the surveys of the different sections of the 
state, together with the plans of towns, and field notes 
of surveyors, and from this chaotic mass construct a 
reliable map. This work he personally undertook soon 
after his settlement in Williamsburg in 1810. 

For two or three years he applied himself assiduously 
to the collection of this material, and after he had amassed 
all obtainable, he still found himself lacking in that 
relating to the northern portion of the state. He then 
opened an extended correspondence with persons who 
were in any way familiar with this portion of the country, 
and made numerous personal excursions into the heart of 
the wilderness. 



62 MOSES GREENLKAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

No surveys had been made of the interior, and little or 
nothing was known of the character of the country, 
other than that furnished by the reports of the hunters 
and prospectors, and those who had made journeys there 
for private purposes, and these individuals had made no 
pretentions to preserving the results of their observations. 

It was not Mr. Greenleaf's idea to actually survey the 
territory, so as to prepare a map as it would appear if laid 
out in townships, but his chief desire was to show 
accurately the location of the lakes and rivers, for it was 
by the means of these, that transporation was to be had 
to and from the markets. 

After five years of patient and painstaking labor, he 
published in the year 1815, his first map of Maine. It 
was 40x26 in size, engraved by W. D. Annin of Boston, 
and bore the imprint of Cummings & Hilliard, No. 1, 
Cornhill Boston, and was dedicated " to the Honorable 
Legislature of the state of Massachusetts. ' ' The inscrip- 
tion was as follows : "Map of the District of Maine from 
the latest and best Authorities by Moses Greenleaf Esqr 
1815." 

In the book which accompanied it he presents the map 
to the public, with the following words. " With respect 
to the map, *** it may be proper to observe, that when 
it was first undertaken, it was' with the expectation 
that the materials from which it is drawn would furnish 
an accurate Map, as far as actual surveys have been 
made ; and beyond that, an outline which, in its general 



THE GREENEEAE MAPS 63 

features, would be a tolerably correct guide to a knowl- 
edge of the extensive interior, which has hitherto been 
but little explored, except occasionally by individuals, the 
result of whose observations has never before been made 
public. The latter object, it is believed, is substantially 
obtained. The former, though many additions and cor- 
rections, have been made, it still susceptible of much im- 
provement in its minutiae * * *. It is believed however 
that few, if any important errors will be found ; and that 
in general it is as correct as can be expected, until a new 
survey of the whole, corrected by celestial observations, 
under the immediate inspection of persons properly quali- 
fied for the purpose, shall furnish better materials than 
are now existing. And, until this is done, a perfect Map 
of Maine cannot be obtained." 

The work is a fine example of map making, and is 
wonderfully accurate in its detail, even to the smallest 
particulars. The townships occupy a space only about 
three fourths of a inch square, yet every little stream and 
pond appears in its proper location and proportion. All 
the larger lakes and streams of the interior are prop- 
erly delineated, something never undertaken in any 
previous map. In fact the map was as accurate and com- 
plete as it was possible to make it, and was by far the 
best made, up to the time of its publication. 

Where Mr. Greenleaf learned the art of the draftsman, 
or anything of land surveying, is not known. It does 
not appear from any existing records that he ever applied 



64 MOSES GREENLEAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

himself to the business prior to his settlement in 
Williamsburg, but he must have mastered the art before 
then, for on his arrival there he immediately commenced 
on this work. It is well known that he excelled in 
mathamatics in his younger days, and undoubtedly his 
attainments were self acquired. During his short stay in 
Kenduskeag he must have made the acquaintance of 
Major Moses Hodsdon, who was then a resident there, 
and a civil engineer of some repute, and it is quite 
possible that here he received his first practical knowl- 
edge in surveying and drafting. 

The value of his map was immediately recognized, 
and the state of Masachusetts subscribed for one 
thousand copies at three dollars each, for distribution 
throughout the commonwealth, thus materially aiding 
the author, and assisting in the distribution of a valuable 
document. 

On account of its growing scarcity, and the importance 
of the map in Maine history, it may be well to here 
give a somewhat detailed description of the same, 
although it may be in part a repetition of that which 
has been before stated. 

The map shows nine counties out of the present 
sixteen, viz: York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, 
Washington, Penobscot, Kennebec, Somerset, and 
Oxford ; the counties of Washington, Penobscot, Somer- 
set, and Oxford extending to the northern boundary of 
the state. The scale upon which the map is made is 



THE GREENLEAF MAPS 65 

lsV inches representing ten miles, or about eight 
and two- thirds miles to the inch, a scale rarely used 
to-day. Iyongitude west from Iyondon and east from 
Washington is shown, as well as the latitude north from 
the equator. The delineation of the coast and adjacent 
islands, compares favorably with any of our most recent 
and perfect maps. The northern boundary as exhibited, 
is of course largely imaginary, never having been sur- 
veyed by either the American or British governments. 

A monument had been erected at the source of the 
St. Croix, and the eastern boundary of the state was 
declared to be the above mentioned river, following up 
its middle branch to this monument, and from thence 
due north to the highlands which are the watersheds 
between the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the St. 
Lawrence River. The precise location of these high- 
lands had never been determined, consequently the 
northern boundary was not capable of exact delineation. 
Nevertheless a boundary was exhibited on the map, 
which Mr. Greenleaf believed to be very nearly correct. 
The map was most excellently engraved, and reflected 
much credit on Mr. Annin, the engraver. 

In 1820, when Maine became an independent state, 
he published his second map, which was simply a second 
edition of the original, being printed from the same 
plate, but having such additions as were necessary, 
caused by changes between 1815 and 1820, on account 
of new towns being incorporated, together with some 





■^ 






• • :.:^^a 




66 MOSES GREENI/EAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

corrections and alterations which he made as a result of 
further research. The inscription was the same save the 
date, and "District" of Maine was changed to "State" 
of Maine. The dedication to the Legislature of Massa- 
chusetts was omitted. There were no changes in the 
counties, and the general appearance of the map was 
identical with that of 1815. The imprint was (Boston, 
1820). 

It is quite probable that there was only a small edition 
printed, to meet a demand created on account of the 
admission of Maine into the Union. The people at home 
having an increased pride in their native state, and 
those beyond her borders having their attention particu- 
larly called to the new commonwealth, naturally caused 
something of a demand for a reliable map. 

I think this is less frequently met with, than any of 
the G-reenleaf maps, and is undoubtedly the rarest. The 
edition must have been small, as it was only four years 
previous, that Massachusetts had put into circulation one 
thousand copies of the 1815 edition, besides those sold 
by the trade, consequently the demand could not have 
been great. Historically, the 1815 map is the most 
important. 

Encouraged by the nattering reception accorded to 
his first and second maps, and realizing that as the state 
developed and was more fully explored and surveyed, a 
much better map could be produced, Mr. Greenleaf 
commenced on the preparation of a third map. He was 



THE) GREENIjeAF MAPS 67 

an untiring worker, and devoted all the time that he 
could possibly spare from his other labors, to the collec- 
tion of material for his maps and books. There was no 
interim of rest after the publication of a work, but he 
immediately took up his task anew, with the purpose 
ever in view to produce something better and more com- 
plete, and more worthy of being preserved for its value 
and accuracy. 

The work he now undertook was one of great 
magnitude, not only for the time in which he lived, but 
would be something far beyond the ordinary for one to 
undertake at the present time. In connection with the 
map of the state he published his Survey of Maine, which 
is reviewed in another chapter, and accompanying this, 
was an atlas consisting of seven maps, six of which were 
entirely original. A great work, and one which no 
person was better qualified to perform than Mr. Green- 
leaf ; and undoubtedly there was no person in the state at 
the time, who could have produced such a work. 

The people of the state were deeply interested in Mr. 
Greenleaf's undertaking, because of the urgent need of 
an accurate map, and a compilation of the statistics of 
the state, and they realized that no one was better quali- 
fied to minister to their needs than he. In his messages 
to the legislature in 1828 and 1829, Governor Lincoln 
referred in flattering terms to the work in process of 
completion, and urged legislative assistance and patron- 
age for the author. The legislature in the first instance 



68 MOSES GREENLEAF : a BIOGRAPHY 

took a particular interest in the matter, and in 1828, the 
committee on literature and Literary Institutions, to 
whom was referred " so much of the Governor's speech 
as relates to a Map and Statistical view of the State of 
Maine, ' ' reported as follows : ' ' that they have examined 
a plan, Sketches, and Specimens of a Map and Statis- 
tical View of the State exhibited by Moses Greenleaf, 
and find it to be a work on which great attention and 
labor have been bestowed, and which promises to be 
executed with skill, accuracy, and judgement — and 
believing it to be replete with knowledge highly useful 
to the people and important to the State, recommend it 
to the favorable notice and liberal patronage of the 
legislature." 

As a result of this report, by chapter XXII of the 
Resolves of Maine, A. D. 1828, an allowance was made 
to Mr. Greenleaf of the sum of one thousand dollars, "to 
assist him in completing and publishing his series of 
Maps and Statistical view of the State," he being obliged 
to give only his personal obligation that if he unreasonably 
neglected or delayed to complete the work according to 
the specifications, he should refund the amount. The 
secretary of state was also authorized to subscribe for 
forty copies of the maps and book, for the use of the 
state. 

In 1829 a resolve was passed authorizing the governor 
to pay Mr. Greenleaf six hundred and forty dollars, as 
soon as the forty copies of the maps and book subscribed 



THE GREENXEAF MAPS 69 

for were delivered, or when satisfactory assurances were 
received that they would be delivered within a reason- 
able time. 

Mr. Greenleaf was a man possessed of no particular 
amount of worldly property, and it is evident from these 
resolves that he was somewhat pressed for funds with 
which to carry on and complete the work he had begun. 
The expense incurred in connection with the preparation 
of the work far exceeded his expectations, and the state 
government generously came to his assistance. 

Governor Hunton in his message in 1830, stated that 
the forty maps and books subscribed for had been deliv- 
ered, and recommended that one be sent to each of the 
United States. The Legislature of 1830 was very gen- 
erous toward Mr. Greenleaf. By resolve, it directed a 
subscription of four hundred copies for his maps and Sur- 
vey of Maine, at sixteen dollars per set, to be paid for 
out of the proceeds arising from the sale of the state 
lands, and the treasurer issued to him a state note bear- 
ing five per cent, interest, which note was redeemable 
at any time within fifteen years, and a further resolve 
was passed, " that in consideration of the extraordinary 
expenses and exertions of Moses Greenleaf, Esquire, in 
preparing and publishing said Survey and Maps, at the 
suggestion and encouragement of the Legislature, there 
be granted and paid him out of the proceeds of the sales 
of the public lands, the sum of five hundred dollars 
&c," this also was to be paid by a note, redeemable at 
any time within eight years, with interest as above. 



70 MOSES GREENI^AF : A BIOGRAPHY 

In 1831 the above mentioned notes, amounting to six 
thousand nine hundred dollars and interest, were both 
paid. By this generosity and appreciation of Mr. Green- 
leaf's labors, on the part of the state, he was saved from 
absolute ruin ; for notwithstanding the considerable sum 
received from the state on account of subscriptions and 
donations, (in all $8,540.00) he reaped no profit from 
his long years of labor, the attending expense being far 
more than was anticipated, and the sales less than the 
works merited. The cost of compiling and publication 
was nearly ten thousand dollars. 

The question of the northeastern boundary was in 
dispute at the time when his third map was in prepara- 
tion and he deemed it advisable to include the Province 
of New Brunswick on the map, in order to show the 
locus of the whole of the disputed territory, and the 
geographical relations of one to the other. It took about 
eight years of dilligent labor, and a large expenditure 
of money to collect the material and compile the works, 
which appeared in 1829 ; and with all due regard to the 
authors of the excellent maps of this state which have 
appeared since, I consider Mr. Greenleaf's 1829 map 
as the most notable one of all. Two of the most note- 
worthy features were ; it was the first map to show a 
complete boundary of the state from anything like an 
actual survey, and the first to show with .vmy degree of 
completeness the lakes and streams of the interior. 



THE GREENXEAF MAPS 71 

The map was 50 x 42 in size, larger than either of the 
previous ones, and the following inscription appeared 
upon it ; Map of the State of Maine with the Province of 
New Brunswick by Moses Greenleaf. The engravers 
were J. H. Young and F. Dankworth of Philadelphia 
and it bore the imprint of Shirley & Hyde, Portland, 
1829. The scale was lrV inches representing ten 
miles, or a small fraction over nine miles to the inch. 
There were ten counties represented, one more than on 
either of the earlier of Mr. Greenleaf s maps, the county 
of Waldo having been incorporated in 1827. 

The territory which Maine lost by the Webster- 
Ashburton treaty in 1842, appears as a part of the state, 
and the highlands or watershed, between Maine and the 
British Provinces is shown as the northern and western 
boundary. Quite a portion of New Hampshire and a 
small part of Massachusetts appears. The map was very- 
accurate and exhibits none of the errors and imperfec- 
tions that have crept unawares into many of the later 
maps of the state. 

The atlas accompanying the book and map,. consisted 
of six maps and one meteorological diagram. The maps 
were all engraved by William Chapin of New York and 
are as follows : Plate I bears the following inscription, 
Map of the principal Rivers, Mountains and Highland 
ranges of the ^tite of Maine by Moses Greenleaf 1828. 
It is 21x13 in size, and the scale is about eighteen miles 
to the inch. That part of the map representing the 



72 MOSES GREENI^AF ; A BIOGRAPHY 

southern portion of the state exhibits the county bound- 
aries, but the northern portion is devoted entirely to the 
delineation of the lakes, rivers and mountains so 
numerous in that section of the state. The map is very 
accurate, and nothing like it had before been attempted. 
It represents more actual labor and research than would 
be now necessary to prepare a complete map of the 
whole area. Plate II is a "Sketch from Bouchette's 
Map of Upper and Lower Canada, and the District of 
Gaspe. Exhibiting the true range of Highlands divid- 
ing the waters of the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic, 
and the imaginary ranges claimed by the British for 
the boundary of the State of Maine." This plate is 
16£xl6, and the scale is the same as Plate I. Col- 
onel Joseph Bouchette was a surveyor general of Lower 
Canada, and in 1815 prepared a map of Upper and 
Lower Canada from which Mr. Greenleaf took this 
sketch, to show that the British Government itself never 
claimed prior to 1815, that the boundary was anything 
different from that of a line on the highlands separating 
the waters of the Atlantic from those of the St. Lawrence. 
Although Col. Bouchette could not refrain from portray- 
ing on his map two imaginary ranges, one north of the 
Aroostook River, terminating near the present town of 
Limestone, and the other south of that river terminating 
at Mars Hill, the southernmost of which he claims would 
he the most equitable boundary, although he does not 
intimate that it is the true one. Col. Bouchette was 



THE GRKENI.KAF MAPS 73 

afterwards appointed one of the commissioners on the 
part of Great Britain to settle the boundary disputes 

Plate III is a "Sketch of the Imaginary Ranges of 
Highlands, reported by the British Surveyors under the 
Treaty of Ghent, as extending across the State of 
Maine." The size of this map is 11 £x 10 £, and the 
scale is the same as the two previous ones. It is a com- 
posite of the various plans prepared by the English 
surveyors, and exhibits among others, the imaginary 
range extending across the State, from Mars Hill to a 
point near the source of the River Dul^oup, which was 
contended by the British to be the boundary between 
Maine and Canada. A range is also shown just south 
of Moosehead Lake, reported as seen from the town of 
Dixmont, by Campbell, one of the British engineers 
also another just north of the lake, also laid down by 
Campbell on one of his plans. There is another range 
laid down by Odell, another of the British engineers, in 
a northwesterly direction from Houlton, reported as seen 
from Mars Hill and Houlton. The map is an interest- 
ing rehc of the northeastern boundary dispute, and in 
that respect valuable historically. 

Plate IV shows a plan of "Vertical sections, exhibit- 
ing the comparative Altitudes of the principal High- 
lands and Rivers of the State of Maine, by Moses 
Greenleaf, 1828." In size the plan is 29xl9£, and 
exhibits ten vertical sections of different portions of the 
state, showing the comparative altitudes above the sea 



74 MOSES GREENLEAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

level. Horizontally, the plan is on a scale of ten miles 
to an inch, and the vertical sections are two thousand 
feet to the inch. Some of the more important sections 
exhibited are No. 1, showing the northern boundary 
along the highlands dividing the waters of the St. 
Lawrence from those of the Atlantic . No. 3, showing 
comparative inclination of the St. John, Penobscot and 
Kennebec Rivers ; No. 7, from Thomaston north to the 
northern boundary, showing the altitudes of the Camden 
Hills, Piscataquis ridge, Kbeeme, Katahdin, Wassata- 
quoik mountains, and others. 

This map exhibits a considerable amount of engineer- 
ing skill on the part of the draftsman, and shows as much 
as any one of Mr. Greenleaf's maps the intimate knowl- 
edge he had acquired, regarding the topographical 
features of the state. 

The four preceding maps were designed by the author 
to exhibit the true merits of the question of the disputed 
boundary, as far as it was affected by the direction and 
elevation of the highlands. They were published at 
the time when the dispute was being fruitlessly arbitrated 
by the King of the Netherlands, and are the only maps 
relating exclusively to the question, published in this 
state. If the matter had been decided upon its merits, 
the northern boundary of Maine would have been that 
laid down by Mr. Greenleaf on his maps. 

Plate V is a "Map exhibiting the principal Grants 
and sales of land in the State of Maine. By Moses 



the greeni^af maps 75 

Greenleaf." In size it is 32x23£, and the scale is 
about nine inches in an inch. This map historically, is 
one of great importance. It shows, first, the lands 
granted by the Crown and Lords Proprietors prior to 
1692, second, lands derived principally from Indian 
deeds, considered as valid, third, Crown and proprietors 
grants and Indian deeds intermixed, fourth grants by 
the Province of Massachusetts from the charter of 1692, 
to the close of the Revolution, fifth, conditional grants 
by the Province, chiefly confirmed since the Revolution, 
sixth, claims under Indian deeds and other titles, now 
compromised, seventh, townships partly or wholly 
sold by lottery in the year 1787, eighth, land sold to 
William Bingham, ninth, land assigned to Massa- 
chusetts since the separation. 

The first six had a distinguishing color, and the three 
others were designated by letter. The acreage of each 
tract was given. Besides all this, all the townships 
sold by Massachusetts since the Revolution, were shown, 
giving the number of acres, in each, and the names of the 
original proprietors. 

It is an invaluable map to the student of Maine history, 
as well as to those engaged in investigating early land 
titles. It is another example of the remarkable knowl- 
edge possessed by Mr. Greenleaf relating to Maine. 
Not only was he thoroughly informed as to the physical 
features of the state, but his knowledge of its history was 
comprehensive. 



76 MOSES GREENLEAF : A BIOGRAPHY 

Plate VI, was inscribed as follows: "Map of the 
inhabited part of the State of Maine, exhibiting the pro- 
gress of its settlement since the year 1778. The Repre- 
sentative Districts since the year 1820, and the popula- 
tion and valuation of taxable property in each District at 
the year 1820. By Moses Greenleaf." This map was 
23x19, and on a scale of about nine miles in an inch. 
Here we find as in the preceding map, another example 
of Mr. Greenleaf 's wonderful fund of knowledge relating 
to his state. The map showed the center of population 
and taxable property, for the years 1778, 1790 and 1820. 
These were indicated by letters explained by an index. 
The map was in three colors, blue, indicating that part 
settled at the commencement of the Revolution, pink, the 
additional part settled up to the year 1800, and yellow, 
that additional portion settled up to the year 1820. A 
division was made into representative districts instead of 
towns, but each town was represented on the map by 
name, but not by boundaries, the boundaries being that 
of the districts. The population of each district was 
given, also the value of the real and personal property 
subject by law to taxation. 

This and the preceding map, represented almost an 
incalculable amount of labor and research, and nothing 
like them has since been attempted, although at the 
present time, with the numerous and extended reports of 
the various state departments to refer to, the labor to 
produce such maps would be a minimum when compared 
with that required when these were prepared. 



THE GREENLEAF MAPS 77 

The seventh, and last plate of the atlas, was a meteor- 
ological diagram, showing the temperature of different 
sections of the state, compared with each other, and also 
compared with localities in other sections of New Eng- 
land. One section of the diagram exhibited the temper- 
ature as compared with that of the royal observatory, at 
Gosport, England. This diagram was prepared from 
notes kept by Mr. Greenleaf, and from others secured 
from colleges where such records were preserved. 

These seven maps were folded and bound in an atlas, 
to accompany his survey of Maine. 

Our state has produced many monumental works, and 
those on which a vast amount of labor and intellectuality 
have been bestowed, of which we are justly proud, but 
it is belived it can be safely said that none exhibit more 
careful, painstaking and profound study and prepara- 
tion, than do these of Moses Greenleaf, and none are 
more worthy of being preserved for the use of the 
historian as a reliable and invaluable record of early 
Maine history and topography. 

His zeal and devotion to his work carried him beyond 
the ordinary dictates of careful pecuniary calculation. 
The map at the time stood unequaled as a specimen of 
the finest copperplate engraving in the country ; Mr. 
George G. Smith, one of Boston's most distinguished 
engravers, in a letter dated February 2, 1844, in speak- 
ing of the 1829 map said, ' ' I have no hesitation in say- 
ing that no better specimen of map engraving, of its 



78 MOSES GREENLEAE: A BIOGRAPHY 

class, has been executed in this or any other country." 
In an article under date of May 10, 1844, ten years after 
Mr. Greenleaf's death, and fifteen years after the 
publication of his, great work, the Christian Mirror of 
Portland, said, " We had the happiness of an acquaint- 
ance with its original projector, while consumating its 
execution, and also while carrying through the press 
his Statistical View of Maine, both narrative and pic- 
torial ; and we are consequently in a ten-fold better con- 
dition, from having watched his operation from day to 
day, and from month to month, to estimate the incom- 
parable qualifications which he brought to the work, 
and the nature and the extent of the labor which it cost 
him, than we could possibly have been from merely 
verbal description. And we do not hesitate to say, that 
if any man ever deserved well of the State of Maine, 
beyond all others, for his contributions to its temporal 
prosperity, that man is MOSES GREENXEAF. We 
can testify that he shrunk from no toil and spared no 
pains to be accurate, to give statistical facts and geograph- 
ical lines and positions, which might be depended 
upon, instead of that hap-hazard guesswork, which 
characterize so many of the Maps which are ' got up' for 
sale. Under these labors his pecuniary interests suffered, 
and life wasted away." 

Such was the result of the labors of a great man in a 
laudable and vast undertaking. One would naturally 
conclude that after having completed such a work, and 




FIRST STATE SEAL AND AUTOGRAPH OF GOV. KING 
From one of Mr. Greenleaf's Commissions 



THE GREENIvEAF MAPS 79 

meeting with a pecuniary loss, courage would have been 
at a low ebb, and ambition crushed ; but Mr. Green- 
leaf had not a character to be overwhelmed by adversity. 
It is evident from his papers that he did not lay down 
his working tools, but instead, again took up the work 
where he had left it, with the intention when the proper 
time arrived to be ready to produce another map of his 
state. 

He went on with the collection of material and data, 
but before the time for publication arrived, death put an 
end to his labors. 

His heirs, through his son Moses, published in 1844, 
another map of Maine, which was made by correcting 
the plates of the 1829 map. Three new counties, 
Piscataquis, Franklin, and Aroostook, had been formed, 
over eighty new towns had been incorporated, over sixty 
additional townships had been surveyed, and by the 
treaty of 1842 a new boundary for the state had been 
established, since the appearance of the 1829 map. 
These additions and corrections were carefully made on 
the original plates and a new edition of one thousand 
copies was issued. The size, scale and general ap- 
pearance of this map were, of course identical with that 
of the original edition. 



APPENDIX 



LETTERS OF MOSES GKEENLEAP 



I. LETTER TO ELEAZBE JENKS 



Bangor, Sept. 14th, 1806. 

A PRESSURE of various circumstances made me 
neglect you last week & some unpleasant tidings 
from East Andover has put writing out of Persis' head 
— which is by way of apology to yourself & Clara. 

To reply methodically to your letter, Eben comes first 
on the tapis. I agree with you that he had better " fol- 
low Old Nep," under present appearances, but should 
they change, a refuge may be found in the ' ' land of 
promise ' ' my solicitude for him has been grounded on 
the idea that his owners finding him a good mate might 
wish to keep him there, and perhaps he might stay till 
it was too late — but if he does well, as well as he deserves 
— I shall feel happier to hear of him thus, than to see 
him retreat to the woods mortified & disappointed, & 
perhaps reflecting that / have persuaded him from good 
business to a life which may not suit him. 



84 APPENDIX 

I had noticed Wm's secession from the establishment, 
& was at a loss to account for it, but as you say, in 
this age of revolutions nothing ought to surprise us. I 
have experienced too many of these vicissitudes to be 
startled at them my experience has convinced me 
that such are not evils. So far from it that almost all the 
good I have enjoyed for these seven years, has been 
elicited from seeming ill & though I now consider my 
present situation & prospects as happier & brighter 
than they have ever been heretofore, yet I have been 
forced into it, by what the ignorant & misjudging 
would call misfortune, the consequence is that I believe 
all apparent ill to result in real good. The transfer is 
easily made from " the great whole " to your particular 
case. May it not be that Infinite Wisdom designing the 
greatest possible good, has so disposed of events, that, 
instead of suffering you to protract a laborious anxious 
profession, in which the " prospect before us " promises 
nothing on which the mind can rest with satisfaction, he 
has torn you from it while you are in the full possession 
of all your powers, that they may all have their share of 
action, & some faculties be called forth to make a figure, 
which otherwise must have rusted in obscurity. I do 
not know your particular views, but suppose, that your 
profession, merchandise, or some business which furnishes 
a regular stipend, must include all the possible chances, 
of these the two former are over done — done to death — 
the latter is too limited & precarious, to satisfy an 



BETTERS OF MOSES GREENIvEAF 85 

enterprising mind, & any mind which could put up 
with dependence, unless as the result of dire necessity, 
when an opportunity offers to throw off the yoke — must 
be either criminally negligent in the discharge of his 
duty, too imbecile & abject to deserve or be safely 
trusted with the boon. The happiness of your family 
may require that you engage in some business where all 
the conveniences of society alias a throng, are to be 
found, & where on a limited view of things it will 
appear that the opportunity of educating your children 
in such a manner as to qualify them for any sphere in 
which they be called to act, is to be found & there 
only. But, what extraneous circumstances are necessary 
to happiness. Is it continual intercourse with a multi- 
tude the greater part of whom you must cordially 
despise? Is it placing your children at schools, where 
with the rudiments of science they will also imbibe the 
vices of their companions? Where the distraction of a 
variety of objects & the fascinations of what is mis- 
named society will preclude them from any but superficial 
attainments. Are the petty luxuries of the table — the 
convenience of smooth roads, &c &c &c objects of solici- 
tude? I am certain these are not so to you. What 
then ? Independence — competence — rank & respecti- 
bility. My plan affords the means of attaining all these 
with the least possible chance of failure. I have not 
developed to any one the extent of my views, nor the 
strong & increasing probabilities I have of success. It 



86 APPENDIX 

would be hardly possible for me to detail the whole on 
paper, I shall therefore reserve it for the subject of 
another Sunday's ride. 

Society may be found, by those who know its true 
value, & are qualified to enjoy it, any where, & when 
' ' two or three are gathered together ' ' of congenial 
tastes habits & dispositions, particularly when they 
are thrown together by similar circumstances, a society 
is formed at once, — & if they possess cultivated under- 
standings with a sufficient knowledge of the world, & 
hearts tempered in the furnace, the societies to be found 
in populous cities enjoy not half their happiness. How- 
ever improbable it may appear to you, who draw your 
analogies from that part of the country which is under 
your more immediate observation, a society will in a 
very few years, be found north of the Piscataquis which 
will approach nearer to your own ideas of the useful & 
agreeable than any which / am acquainted with in any 
of the country towns in Maine. 

Admitting this, you may yet object — what are our 
children to do in the interim? their opportunity for 
education must not be neglected. I grant it, but cannot 
even a few furnish the means of instruction to their 
children for a year or two until regular schools can be 
established? and what difficulties are insuperable to 
those determined to conquer them ? I am persuaded that 
when the subject is accurately & closely examined 
the ' ' obstacles' ' you mentioned will disolve into ' ' air, 
thin air" & the bugbear terms "wilderness" " savages " 



BETTERS OF MOSES GREENEEAF 87 

&c &c &c will be remanded to the ' ' place from whence 
they came," there to dwell with "ghosts" "hob- 
goblins' ' &c &c &c in — " old women's notions," I have 
made something of a preachment to you, hope you will 
be endowed with grace to make a wise application, & 
in this hope remain cordially your friend & brother. 

Moses 



II. LETTER TO ELEAZEE JENKS 



Boston Feby. 10th. 1807. 

I should have written you long since if I could have 
found any thing to say, and even now can not tell you 
of any decisive measures. Our Academy bill, lies yet 
""on the table," having opposed by Iy. I^ewis. I had 
yesterday some confab, with him & have some hopes of 
bringing him over to the faith. 

The " Quebec road" matter was heard last night 
before the committee, who gave us much encouragement, 
there is I think no doubt but it will succeed. Another 
company had been formed for the same object, unknown 
to each other, & we agreed to compromise so that the 
shares are reduced from one fourth to one eighth of a 
township to each person. I have reserved one for you, 
if you go. The probability is that we shall get the land 
for 20 cents per Acre, or less. 



88 APPENDIX 

A petition was presented yesterday, for a turnpike 
road from Bangor to No 6-8th. range, which will doubt- 
less be granted. — So much for our own affairs, you may 
judge by appearances whether our Siberia may change 
to an Utopia & whether you had better become one of 
the "household of faith." William is determined on 
going next spring, & I have good reason to believe that 
he will perservere in his determination & succeed in his 
efforts. — 

Massachusetts will be restored to correct principles ! — 
for — the " squatters" are about to " manage their affairs 
in their own way." A caucus was held yesterday 
morning on the subject of separation, & adjourned to 
this evening 6 o'clock the Demo's are decidedly in favor 
& many of the federalists. — Who knows amid the 

revolutions that are impending what may await us 

— Gov. King ! Chief Justice Widgery ! ! ! how do they 
look together ? 

" Hone" presented yesterday something like a petition 
to alter or revise the laws respecting murder, & some of 
the members moved that it should be printed ! ! ! so I 

heard. It is expected that the next thing will be 

the impeachment of Parsons, & perhaps all the rest of 

the Judges This is all at present. I hope to be 

among you in about three weeks more love to all the 

good folks 

In some haste 

Moses G- — 



EPTTpRS OP MOSES GRppNL^AF 89 

10 o'clock P. M. The Grand Caucus was held this 
evening in the Senate Chamber, Old W — in the chair ! 
A resolve past that the members then present exert 
their influence in the legislature to procure an order 
directing the several towns in Maine to give in their 
votes on the first Monday in April, for or against a 
separation, & return them to the Secretary's office before 
the last Wednesday in May. The cause of the debate 
did not allow much argument against the measure. — 
Mr. Bradbury attempted \.o oppose it, but was borne down 
by " Mr. Chairman," the principal speakers in its favor 
were King, Greenwood, of Bath, Kinsley, Foxcroft & 

some others. 55 in favor — 10 against within 

three days march of N. Orleans with 8000 men — Wilkin- 
son has 600 to oppose him — so we go — good night. 



III. LETTER TO BENJ. DODD 

Wiluamsburgh 31st March 1825. 
Mr. Benja. Dodd, 

Dear Sir : 
Your last query was, " What would the land remain- 
ing unsold in the township command in cash, or on a 
credit of 1 to 6 years, with interest?" I answered 
hastily in my last, but now shall take a larger view of 
the subject. 



90 APPENDIX 

Twenty years ago, land in this vicinity was worth, or 
would sell for, one Dollar per acre by the township — & 
everybody thought would be rising. For fifteen years 
however it has been constantly on the decline, & now 
may be bought in abundance from 15 to 30 cents per 
acre. We have to look for the cause of this in some- 
thing beside the intrinsic value of the land, for that is 
the same now as ever, & to inquire whether the same or 
any other reason will operate to keep it down any longer. 

During the high excitement of political parties, the 
subject of the management of the public lands, & the 
selling of them to large proprietors afforded a very con- 
venient argument in the hands of one party, to array the 
multitude of Maine against old Massachusetts, & against 
all non resident proprietors. When the question of 
Separation came up, the same argument was renewed & 
pressed with great force, & it has been so long main- 
tained that the large majority of the people of Maine, & 
its Government are wrought into the belief, which is 
supported by their pride, their prejudice, as well as 
(they suppose) by their judgment, that it is morally as 
well as politically wrong to sell land in any quantity 
larger than for the immediate improvement of one man, 
& that it is morally & politically right to frame & 
execute the laws so as to compel every person who is so 
unfortunate as to own a township, to sell it at any rate & 
at the lowest prices whether he can it afford or not. And 
the sin of owning, or being agent for a township of land, 



IvBTTKRS OF MOSES GRFFNLFAF 91 

is (with many) one not to be forgiven. This manifests 
itself in our elections, our laws & our trials by jury. I 
say this in general, though there are instances in which 
it does not apply. 

This state of things will not always last. A time will 
come when the country will be pretty generally settled, 
& then as there cannot be much land holden by large 
proprietors, there will be less interest in the people & 
government to keep down the price, or compel them to 
sell ; but at present, & for a number of years to come 
we may expect but little change for the better, & the 
only way for those who own townships & can keep them, 
is to be in the midst of them themselves or have an 
intelligent faithful agent in them, whose interest & 
feelings are identified with their own, & settle them 
as fast as they can. In this way they may manage so as 
to keep them from being wholly sacrificed, & after a 
while, longer or shorter according as the country in 
general shall settle, the land they shall have left on hand 
will command a fair price, enough I think to make it an 
object for those who are able & willing to keep a part 
of their land so long. How long it may be necessary to 
wait, is more than we can tell. My opinion (for which 
the reasons are too long to be given now) is that it will 
not exceed 25 years & perhaps not half that time, but I 
think it more probable that 15 or 20 years will be about 
the time when land in this region will take its per- 
manent rise to a fair standard price. 



92 APPENDIX 

The two States have divided a part of their land & will 
soon probably divide more. Massachusetts has sold her 
divided townships at 10 to 25 cents per acre, 6 years 
credit free of taxes. Maine sells to settlers only, & to 
them at 30 to 60 cents per acre, pay one half in making 
roads. Some individuals who bought of Massachusetts 
are already sick of their bargain and are trying to sell 
out. Others are buying in. I can buy now at second 
hand, as good townships as this & as well situated at 20 
cents per acre, & smaller tracts at 25 cts. The township 
of Blakesburgh which is one of the very best in this 
county was sold last summer at private sale at about 27£ 
cts. 

If there was no hope of a change for the better, it 
would be advisable, for everyone who owns a large tract 
to sell it as soon as possible, for the most he could get, 
but I think there is hope. The market seems to be as 
low as it possibly can be, & any change must be for the 
better, therefore my advice would be not to sell at 
present if possible to avoid it, that is if the proceeds at 
the present low prices are not more wanted than the 
uncertain proceeds at a future time ; though there is one 
consideration ought to be taken into view, viz taxes 
and other expenses, as well as interest, and when I con- 
sider the multiplied circumstances & arguments which 
present themselves on both sides of this question, I am at a 
loss what to say, & sometimes should advise one way & 
sometimes another, just as the different circumstances 
& different feelings happen to predominate in my mind. 



I/ETTERS OP MOSBS GREPNIvPAF 93 

To corne more particularly to the case of Williams- 
burgh, much of the value of it may depend upon the 
slate quarry. I do not suppose that any person would 
now give much if anything more for the township in 
consideration of the quarry, but, if that should turn out 
to be worth any thing upon trial, it will enhance the 
value of the rest of the land provided they are both 
owned by the same concern ; that is it will give a facility 
for the encouragement of settlers, & whether the quarry 
will be valuable or not, depends on several circum- 
stances — viz — whether a market can be found for any con- 
siderable quantity yearly, at a price which will pay for 
any thing more than the cost of working & freight, & 
also whether other quarries may not be found in this 
region or elsewhere, which I think is probable enough, & 
if there are, then the value of the whole of them will be 
worth but little except to the manufacturer. But we 
must know something farther about it, before we can 
decide wisely. On the whole therefore I should think it 
not advisable to make a sale of the whole at present, 
unless you can get a higher price than the present state 
of the land market seems to warrant. Perhaps a short 
time may throw some farther light upon the subject, & 
whatever comes up within my knowledge, I shall duly 
let you know. If however you should determine on 
selling & getting rid of it at all events, I shall have some- 
thing farther to say. 

M. G. 



94 APPENDIX 



IT. LETTER TO BENJ. DODD 

Wii,i,iamsburgh 20th Oct. 1825. 
Mr. Bent. Dodd, 

Dear Sir. 
Agreeably to the suggestion in my last I shall now 
endeavor to give you a connected view of the circum- 
stances which may afford grounds for conclusions as to 
the value of the land in this town, — as far as I am able 
to judge. 

1. The policy of our State Government & the temper 
of the people are such as give me a very different opinion 
of the value of land in large tracts, from what it was 
before the separation of the State. For 1st wild land is 
taxed for three times as much now as it was before. 2nd 
The State will keep a large body of land continually in 
the market at less than $1. per acre, and much of it for 
next to nothing. 3d The Laws & Jurors & people, all 
lean hard against the property of non resident pro- 
prietors. 4th It is almost impossible to detect & punish 
trespassers ; or if detected nothing can be got of them to 
pay the expense. 

2. The value of a township must be measured by 
the estimated nett proceeds of sales, & compound 
interest, after deducting expense of taxes, agencies; 
surveys, loss on articles of payment made by settlers &c 



I^TTERS OP MOSES GREENXEAF 95 

&c, with compound interest carried forward to the time 
when all the land is sold, & then both sums reduced to 
their present worth by discounting the compound 
interest back to the time of beginning, 6 per cent being 
taken as the annual interest. 

3. There are many townships better situated than 
Williamsburgh,— that is in more salable situations, some 
better land, some not so good, therefore it is not safe to 
estimate this town as any better than the average, & at 
present not quite so good. 

4th. At the present time there is a great current of 
settlement to the townships on the Penobscot river, & 
east of it, & the 2 States are now laying out about 60 
more new townships which will probably be opened for 
sale & settlement next year or within a year or two. 
This will probably continue the current of settlement up 
the Penobscot & east of it, many years longer, & just so 
long will keep this town & the townships above it rather 
in the back ground. 

5th. Taking all things into consideration I think 
that the settlement of the towns in the County of Penob- 
scot lying north & west of Bangor, for 20 years past, 
will afford as good a rule for judging of the settlement of 
Williamsburgh for 20 years to come, as any other which 
will be safe to adopt. Especially when we consider that 
those towns embrace the most valuable part of the State, 
& are so much nearer to market than most others, & 
also when we consider that there are & will be not less 



96 APPENDIX 

than 200 townships at a time open for settlement & will 
so continue until the whole interior is taken up in a 
good degree. The prices in these 200 townships will 
vary from 30cts to 2.00 per acre, some few will hold their 
land higher but make few sales. 

The enclosed paper marked A exhibits the population 
of the towns north & west of Bangor, from 1800 to 1820. 
Most of them began to settle about the year 1800 some a 
little before, & some a few years later. It was most con- 
venient, & will come near enough to the truth for our 
purpose to consider them all as of 20 years standing. 
You will see by this that the best towns, or those of 
most rapid growth did not average 5 families annually, 
that some fell short of 1, & that the whole averaged but 
about 2 J. 

6th. This article I intend as a possible estimate of 
the expenses of settling, managing &c the township. 
As the boundaries of this town were not fully known 
till lately I have heretofore been able to keep down your 
taxes to an estimate of 6 miles square, or 21,040 acres for 
the whole town ; but as within a year past we have been 
required by law to run the outlines of the town, & it is 
found to contain near 30,000 acres, we shall be obliged 
in future to increase your valuation near 40 per cent, & 
your taxes accordingly. The whole taxes this year have 
been unusually high but probably will be considerably 
reduced next year. If the settlement increases however, 
the taxes must increase faster, as there must be con- 
tinually new roads to make & old ones to repair, more 



LETTERS OP MOSES GREENXEAP 97 

schools, school houses, &c &c, so that on the whole I 
should think, that, with any tolerable increase of the 
settlement, your taxes may in future be fairly estimated 
at about $1200 a year, decreasing more or less gradually 
until the whole land is sold. 

Next is the expense of managing the town, so long as 
I have the care of it, you will probably allow me what 
you think fit, at any rate I do not apprehend you will 
find any thing to complain of on that score, but, some 
time or other I must cease, & we know not how soon — 
then it must be managed by one of the owners, or you 
must employ another agent. It will be the same in either 
case for the time & trouble & multitude of little & 
almost unperceived expenses & exactions to which the 
owner, if resident, will be subjected will be fully equal to 
the highest compensation of an agent, and an agent who 
perfectly understood all the various points of the busi- 
ness & faithfully devoted himself to your interest as his 
own, could not afford it for less than $300 a year, & that 
sum would be more profitable for you to pay to such a 
man than a less sum to an inferior man — ( I would not 
be understood as having any reference here to myself. 
The circumstances of our concern are such as put us on 
a different footing from ordinary cases. ) But supposing 
this estimate may be ^thought too high, I shall in my 
estimates say — for agency $200 per ann. 

Next to be considered is the value of settlers notes. 
They will always expect to pay in something not quite 



98 APPENDIX 

so good as cash, & so long as there is more land than 
purchasers, it will always be good policy to take pay in 
any thing they can turn out, & this at best will always 
cause a loss, either in price, or wastage, or expense of 
converting to cash. I should say that a settler's note for 
land was always worth 25 per cent less than a Boston 
note at the same length of credit. There are other little 
items of expense continually occuring, about which no 
calculation can be made, & I therefore omit, & sum up 
the probable charges on the township in future as fol- 
lows, viz 

Taxes of all kinds $1200 per ann. continually diminish- 
ing. 
Agencies 200 " " stationary 



discount on settler ' s 
notes to make them 
equal to cash notes of 
the same day. 



25 per cent — perhaps this may 
be too great a discount, I 
think not, but that I may not 
make the matter any worse 
than it should be, I shall in 
my estimates take 12 J per cent 
as the loss on discount for 
prompt cash payments. 

If any of these are too high, I think there will be 
others not here taken into the estimate to make them up, 
if not to over run them. 

7th. As to the prices to be obtained for land in future. 
The circumstances stated in article 1st, as well as the 



LETTERS OP MOSES GREENIyEAF 99 

fact that they have not risen any for 20 years past, show 
that they must be low for a good while to come, & per- 
haps grow lower for a time. I think we can not make 
much sale at present for $2.00, though we may some. I 
have thought whether it would not be better policy to put 
it down to $1.50 or even $1.00 for a while, (& possibly 
lower still, but of that hereafter) . And I think we can 
not expect the prices will start up faster than 1.00 per 
acre in 10 years. I have made many inquiries of land- 
holders & others on the subject, & find this estimate is 
full as high, & generally higher than they think safe. 
My opinion is that land in this quarter will not rise much 
if at all for 20 years to come, perhaps it will rather fall 
from the present prices ; but after that may rise suddenly 
& perhaps considerably. 

As far as the foregoing principles are well founded 
we may make a conjecture of the nett value of the pro- 
ceeds of sale, by assuming some fixed rate of increase of 
settlement annually, with a fixed scale for increase of 
prices from time to time, & carrying the proceeds along 
at compound interest until the whole is sold. Also 
carrying the assumed amount of taxes & other expenses, 
with compound interest along to the same time. The 
difference between the two sums will be the exact nett 
value of the township at that time, & discounting com- 
pound interest on that difference back to the present 
time will give the present worth of the land. This mode 
will be correct so far as we can be correct in conjecturing 



100 APPENDIX 

the number of settlers annually to be obtained, with the 
prices we can sell for, & the probably taxes & expenses. 

I have said nothing here as yet respecting the slate 
quarry, intending to take that up by itself presently 
after I have got through with the business separate from 
that. 

It not being necessary to be very particular in frac- 
tions, I estimate in round numbers that there may be 
about 24,000 acres yet unsold in the town. If there is 
more it is probably not worth much, and a considerable of 
the 24,000 also will not be worth much, however I will 
suppose that we can now sell for $2.00 per acre, & can 
add $1.00 more per acre once in ten years, that is 1st 10 
years to come 2.00, next 10 years 3.00 per acre & so on 
till it is all sold, good & bad. 

I suppose also that you have now due in the town, for 
taxes & land, about $4000. I think more, but can not 
spend the time to examine, & it is not necessary for the 
present only not to over estimate it. 

Upon these principles I shall make out several dif- 
ferent estimates, the first, on the enclosed paper marked 
B is predicated upon as increase of settlers about equal 
to the average towns in the county for 20 years prior to 
1820. I take that year because I have no data to ascer- 
tain the increase of population since that time, & I take 
3 settlers per ann. 100 acres each, which is higher than 
the general average, & nearly 3 times as much as we 
have averaged hitherto. 



LETTERS OF MOSES GREENEEAF 101 

I have some different estimates to make, but have-not 
time to do it previous to next mail, but shall endeavor to 
send them next week, mean time you will consider the 
facts & principles stated in this, & will be better pre- 
pared to come to a conclusion, when I shall have 
finished what I have yet to say. 

Your friend & sevt. 

M— G 
It may be said that Exhibit A, mentioned in the fore- 
going letter is a table showing the population in the 
various towns of the county from 1800 to 1820, and the 
percentage of increase in each town. Exhibit B, is a 
table prepared on the basis mentioned in the letter, and 
shows that at the end of eighty years the township would 
cause a loss to the proprietors of the sum of $3684.00. 
Not a very encouraging outlook. 



V. LETTER TO BENJ. A. DODD 

Wieeiamsburgh 26th Oct 1825. 
Mr Benja Dodd 

Dear Sir 
In my last (24th inst) I said I should notice some 
other circumstances, meaning some which have a bear- 
ing on the prosperity of the town & of course to be taken 
into view in considering of measures to promote the 
settlement. 



102 APPENDIX 

Among the multitude of all classes who are roving all 
over the country to seek a good settlement, are some 
who have a little property of some kind or other they 
would be glad to exchange for land, such as horses, 
cattle, goods of some kind, perhaps notes secured by 
mortgage in other places &c &c &c, & if they could 
exchange these for land they would settle, otherwise 
will go to some other place where they think they can 
exchange. Some mechanics, joiners, shoemakers, black- 
smiths &c want to pay in their work, or in some other 
way of barter. In most cases this kind of payment would 
do if the owner were present himself to receive it & make 
his own bargain & he might turn it again to his advan- 
tage, or at least without more loss & trouble than he 
would be willing to make for the settlement of his land ; 
but an agent, who feels his responsibility to account 
with the owner for the price at which he sells and inter- 
est, will be afraid to make barters of this kind to any 
extent, though he might often do it safely, & sometimes 
much to the advantage of his owner in getting good 
settlers whom he would otherwise lose. 

This is one thing to be thought of — another, more 
important is the following — 

The inhabitants of this, as all other new towns are 
poor, & always have need to obtain credit from year to 
year for the supplies of their families, until their farms 
are cleared, buildings erected and land paid for, & they 
can produce enough on their farms to supply all their 
wants. 



BETTERS OF MOSES GREENI<EAE ; f 103 

If the owner of the land can supply them, their land 
being unpaid for & that with all their improvements 
being in his hands, he is not alarmed about the security 
& so long as his capital will allow him to wait upon 
them he needs not to sue them for the purpose of obtain- 
ing security & though they should pay him slowly, yet 
they are better able to pay him inasmuch as they are not 
exposed to perpetual costs upon petty law suits. But if 
they get their supplies from traders about the country, 
the traders as soon as there is any failure in punctuality, 
or even before, if they apprehend that some other trader 
has demands upon the same person, will sue and attach 
the settler's cattle & hay & grain, which are generally 
all the movable attachable property he has, the conse- 
quence is the settler has to make sacrifices, or if he is 
able to compromise the matter, yet he has the cost to pay 
& generally make some sacrifice besides. This keeps 
him poor, renders him unable to pay so soon for his land, 
& often disables him from paying altogether. 

There are now traders in all the towns about us, of 
whom the inhabitants of this town get their supplies. 
As none of them keep sufficient assortments on hand at 
all times to supply their customers the settlers must get 
credits of several traders. Among the traders are always 
some sharpers, always upon the watch to seize the crops 
of their debtors as soon as they are harvested, this obliges 
those who would otherwise be more liberal to do nearly 
the same, lest they should lose their debts, & between 



104 APPENDIX 

them all the settlers have often rather a hard time of it. 
There is never a term of Court but some or other of 
the settlers in this town get sued and their property 
attached, unnecessarily on this account. Their resort 
for help is generally to me, I must in some way or other 
become responsible, & most frequently I have the debt 
to pay myself — this keeps me continually embarrassed, 
without any profit to countervail it in any part. If I 
was able to supply them myself, & let them pay for it in 
work on the slate which would reimburse the supply, 
they would grow richer by all the costs and sacrifices 
they are now obliged to make, the town itself would 
proportionally flourish & they would be able to pay for 
their land so much the sooner & better. 

There are some other circumstances which might be 
mentioned, but I am afraid you will get quite out of 
patience with what I have written already, within this 
week or two, & therefore I will say no more but con- 
clude in a summary way. 

If what I have written in this & the three last letters 
is well founded it will follow 

1st. That if the township can not be made to settle 
faster than it has done & faster than the average of the 
towns in this County have done, it will be worse than a 
total loss, & may as well be abandoned at once. 

2nd. If it can not be made to settle faster than any 
town in the County has heretofore done, it will be worth 
very little to the owners. 



LETTERS OP MOSES GREENEEAF 105 

3rd. It can, in all probability, be made to settle much 
faster than this & eventually be worth something con- 
siderable to the owners, if right measures are taken 
promptly. 

4th. It must require some outset for a number of 
years at any rate, either by advancing a capital to work 
the slate, or in paying taxes & charges. 

5th. If no capital is advanced to work the slate & 
supply the settlers for a while, the sales will not be 
sufficient to meet the taxes & other expenses, therefore 
nothing will be saved by it. 

6th. Whatever capital is advanced, it will be safe, & 
be soon refunded in slate, if the slate will fetch enough 
at Boston to pay the expense. 

7. It would be advisable to take anything of settlers 
in pay for land, which they may wish to turn out, at 
least for a few years, even if there should sometimes be 
a loss on the articles. 

8th. If any measures are taken to encourage the 
settlement it should be made extensively known by 
advertisements & handbills, in order to excite the atten- 
tion of settlers who will otherwise be directing their 
views to other places. 

On the whole therefore the course I should advise to 
pursue would be in substance like this, viz. 

To advertise extensively for settlers — to let them have 
land in any quantity & at almost any prices they will 
give, & take any thing in payment they may have to 



106 APPENDIX 

offer — to keep always in the town a supply of every 
article they will want to purchase — to take their labor in 
working slate, or lumber, as far as that will go, (which is 
not far) or their produce or stock when they shall have 
any to spare, & to sum up all, make it evident to them 
that by some or all of these ways, they may have a better 
chance to pay for land & support their families in this 
town than in any other. & if the slate will command 
any thing near $20. per ton in Boston, say if only $16 or 
$17, I have no doubt that this may be the case, & the 
town be made to settle faster than by any estimate I 
have heretofore made. And unless this is done, or some- 
thing else nearly of the same kind, I do not know of 
any thing farther from which I could encourage you to 
hope for any advantage to be derived from the town- 
ship. 

But you will expect from me not only general principles 
& opinions but details & specific propositions. I have 
perhaps made details enough for your patience & have 
several propositions to make, & at this time shall make 
two, which you may consider until I send another which 
will be as soon as I get time to write another letter. 

First. If the owners will come to an arrangement 
among themselves & give me authority to proceed in 
settling the town in the best manner I can, and will 
furnish me with a capital sufficient to supply the settlers, 
& to work & transport to Bangor from 400 to 1000 tons 
of slate yearly, I will manage the business to the best 



LETTERS OF MOSES GREENLEAF 107 

of my judgment for their advantage & my own, take 
all measures I can to get settlers into the town, get out 
as much slate as possible & send to Bangor or Boston, 
& account with you for the principal & one half of the 
nett profits on the capital & slate, or instead of this as 
soon as I can ascertain fully the expense of working & 
transporting the slate, I will deliver it at Bangor at that 
price, & account with you for the amount of capital 
advanced with interest after six months, charging noth- 
ing for agency in settling the town. 

But, if any of the owners should prefer to take the 
business into their own hands, then — 

Second. For this case you will want my place & will 
not need my presence, & if you will give me & my 
family the value of what we have in the town and 
balance all matters & accounts between us as we shall 
find eqitable I will remove at any time on six or three 
months notice, & part, as we have ever lived, good 
friends. 

I make the first proposition believing that, if it suits 
the views & convenience of the owners, it is the best 
thing they can do respecting the township, if they keep 
it. And I make the second, because it is no object for 
me or my family to live in this town merely for the sake 
of what we can get from farming, for we can do better in 
another place ; & because if any of the owners would 
wish to come & manage the business for themselves, it 
will be best for them to take my place entirely & let me 



108 APPENDIX 

go ; but I hope it will not be understood as indicating any 
dissatisfaction, far from it — I only wish to show you 
that I am ready to go or stay & desirous to do any thing 
which shall promote your interest as well as my own 
& satisfy all parties. 

From the little I know of the situation & views of the 
several owners, I do not know that either of these 
propositions will be acceptable or convenient to them, 
though I should think they might be acceptable if 
convenient. But to meet all possible views, as far as I 
can anticipate them, & am able, I have some other pro- 
positions to make, which shall be the subject of my 
next. Observing however in this place, that with 
respect to all or any of my propositions, it is important 
to me to know soon which, if any, of them will be 
accepted. I must therefore limit the time for their con- 
sideration, & say that to 1st Jany next may be the time 
but sooner if possible because that about that time, if 
not sooner I have another arrangement in view which 
perhaps may prevent me from entering afterwards into 
any of the arrangements which I now have or may 
propose. 

Your friend & sevt. 
M. G. 



MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 

HINTS FOR PEACE SOCIETIES 



THE maxim of the celebrated Hobbes that " man is 
a fighting animal" is exemplified in all communi- 
ties, whether of the civilized or savage state, — but per- 
haps in no instance more than in the eagerness with which 
men engage in & pursue the vindication of their supposed 
rights, through the medium of the Courts of I^aw. Nor 
is the recklessness of these ' ' fighting animals ' ' to the 
injuries they inflict upon others, more capable of proof 
in any case, than in that of the apathy with which the 
expense to the community, occasioned by litigation, is 
viewed by the litigants and others. As an instance take 
this fact : 

Two causes tried this term occupied the Court & Jury 
four days. The amount of damages recovered in both 
actions, was less than thirty Dollars. The pay of the 
Jurors during this time, amounts to $180. of which the 
parties refund $14. leaving $166. to be paid by the 



110 APPENDIX 

County. The County also pays for Sheriff, deputies & 
waiters during the same time, about $40. The expense 
of delay incurred by other parties who were waiting for 
trial during the same time may be estimated at not less 
than $400 more, making the absolute expense incurred 
by the public by the litigation of two actions only, not 
less than Six hundred Dollars. 

Yet of the whole multitude who have witnessed or 
interested themselves in the course & event of these 
suits, perhaps not five persons have asked themselves 
the question whether the whole of this expense to the 
community, together with the additional loss & expense 
to the parties themselves, & still more the vastly greater 
evil of the license & indulgence afforded by them to the 
worst passions of our nature, might not all have been 
avoided by one hour's sober reflection. 



QUESTIONS ABOUT PUBLIC LANDS 

Questions propounded to Mr. Greenfeaf, by the Com- 
mittee of the Legislature, for information relating to the 
land of the Commonwealth. 

What is the quantity of unsold lands in the District 
of Maine, probable 

What proportion of that land is settleable, supposing 
it laid in 100 acre lots 



MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 111 

Where is the largest body of good land — what is its 

quantity, & its distance from navigation 

What is the proportion of settleable land as above 



Where is the 2d largest quantity — & distance — what 

quality 

Proportion 

3d 



4th 



What proportion (encouragement being equal) will 
find its nearest market at — Bangor — Hallowell — Pas- 
samaquoddy — Fredericton — Quebec — 

What is the opportunity for diverting the current from 
Fredericton & Quebec to ports within the District — 

ANSWER 

Wh,i,iamsburgh 29th Dec. 1813. 
Chas. Hammond Esq. Sir. 

In compliance with your request in behalf of the Com- 
mittee of the Legislature, for certain information relat- 
ing to the land of the Commonwealth, I have prepared 
from the papers in my possession, the subjoined state- 
ment. — 

The District of Maine contains not far from 34,680 
square miles of which about 16,175sq miles are already 
sold & located & there remains in the possession of the 
Commonwealth 18,505 sq miles or 11,843,200 acres, out 



112 APPENDIX 

of which about 430,000 acres is reserved for the Penob- 
scot Indians & probably about 45,000 is occupied by a 
number of French, on the St. John in the county of 
Hancock, which leaves belonging to the Commonwealth 
11,368,200 acres, out of which is to be deducted suffi- 
cient for the grants already made & not located, a few 
townships appropriated to making certain roads, & the 
remainder, which after these deductions will doubtless 
exceed 11,000,000 acres constitutes the disposable fund 
of the Commonwealth in Eastern Lands. 

If the whole tract of 11,843,200 acres is considered in 
regard to the several points from which emigrants may 
most conveniently proceed into it & to which they will 
naturally resort as their nearest market the facilities of 
communication being supposed equal, it will be found 
that the five nearest markets will probably attract to 
themselves severally the population of sections contain- 
ing very nearly the number of acres subjoined — 
Augusta on Kennebeck 619,500 acres 

Bangor on Penobscot river 3,745,300 " 

Passamaquoddy 220,800 " 

Fredericton 5,913,600 

Quebec 1,344,000 



Total 11,843,200 

From this it appears that when this territory shall be 
settled the inhabitants of nearly two thirds its extent 
will, unless measures are taken to open the best possible 



MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 113 

communication by land & water from Bangor ox Augusta 
into the heart of the territory, be obliged to depend on 
foreign markets for their supplies, & will carry to them 
their produce. This State, as well as the nation will 
thus lose all the benefit arising from the interchange of 
products between this part of its own commercial & 
agricultural population. 

The central part of the greatest body of good land 
belonging to the Commonwealth lies about due north 
from Bangor & is distant about 120 miles in a strait line. 
The most central point of communication with much the 
largest part of the interior is about north ten degrees 
west from Bangor, & distant about 100 miles in a strait 
line. On account of the intervention of lakes & moun- 
tains the nearest practicable route to this point must pass 
between the Spencer mountains, thence to the east of 
the Bbemee mountains, & thence North. 

From this point there are good water communications 
in different directions exceeding 290 miles, through the 
States land alone, with only four portages the longest of 
which does not exceed two miles, & the land on them is 
low & practicable for canals. Considering the country 
in sections referring to the quality of the land, or the 
proportion of good land, it appears from a comparison 
of all the accounts at hand that of the section immedi- 
ately west of Moosehead I^ake, containing about 276,000 
acres, about one third is good land. The whole tract 



114 APPENDIX 

west of this (about 849,000 acres including that in the 
county of Oxford) is mountainous, & about one fourth 
good land. 

Between Moosehead L,ake & the East branch of Penob- 
scot, including a tract north of this, about the heads of 
the Aroostook are about 1,160,000 acres, of which one 
third may be considered good land — this tract is gen- 
erally mountainous — not so rugged as in the tract last 
mentioned. 

Between Penobscot, Scoodic & Metawamkeag, gen- 
erally level, say about 640,000 acres — one half good land. 

North of Metawamkeag is a tract of low swampy land 
about 300,000 acres of which probably not more than one 
fourth is good land, and about 1,400,000 acres of which 
one half is good. 

In the N. E. corner of the District is a mountainous 
tract probably 780,000 acres, quality unknown. 

The remaining land, about 6,400,000 acres, on the 
waters of the St. John & the northwestern branches of 
the Penobscot, is a continued body of good land, extend- 
ing from the eastern to the north western frontier of 
which three fourths is good land. The eastern part is 
generally level, the western rises in large swells, there 
are no mountains of consequence from the ten town- 
ships laid out on the Kennebek road until very near the 
north-eastern extremity. The most central part of the 
good land in this tract is rather west of the Meridian of 
Bangor. 



MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 115 

The tract on the eastern frontier can be made most con- 
veniently accessible to settlers, only from the St. John. 
The remainder may be easily rendered accessible, 
both by land & water, from different points already 
settled within the District. 

In estimating the different proportion of good land as 
above described, reference is had only to land of the 
first quality in the several sections —the proportions 
between the second, third & fourth qualities, have not 
been so much the objects of my research & I can there- 
fore only conjecture them. They may perhaps be best 
estimated by comparison with other parts of the District 
already known. 

From ten years of interested observation, & the con- 
current opinion of all with whom I have had opportunity 
to converse & on whose judgement I could rely I am 
fully convinced that to fill the interior of the District 
rapidly with inhabitants, nothing is more necessary than 
good roads & liberal terms of sale — that on this subject 
parsimony is real waste, & an extensive, liberal & 
vigorous system of improvement the only true economy. 



116 APPENDIX 



EASTERN INDIANS* 



EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM MOSES GREENLEAF, ESQ., 
TO REV. J. MORSE, D. D. 



Wiujamsburg, Maine, 28th. Nov. 1823. 
Rev. and Dear Sir, 

I noticed in a late paper, some observations of Baron 
Humboldt, upon your Report relating to Indian lan- 
guages. I have not the paper at hand, and have for- 
gotten what they were, except that they coincided with 
my own previous opinion, and brought to mind some 
ideas on which I have often reflected. Investigations 
of Indian history, customs, languages, &c. are inter- 
esting to the learned world, to the antiquarian, the 
philanthropist and especially to the Americans ; but there 
are some classes of men, to whom the investigation of 
their languages alone, may be more particularly useful, 
as well as to mankind at large ; more especially to the 
immediate civilized successors of the aborigines. The 
classes to which I refer, are those of the Geographer 
and Natural Historian. 

The first discoverers, and first inhabitants of a country, 
usually give names to rivers, mountains, lakes, &c. to 

* Reprinted from the first report of the American Society for Promoting Civilization 
and General Improvement of the Indian Tribes of the United States. New Haven 1824. 



INDIAN PLACE-NAMES 117 

commemorate some place they have before known, some 
person, some event, or descriptive of some quality of the 
place. Civilized discoverers more frequently give com- 
memorative names. Uncivilized, or nearly so, almost 
universally, descriptive. Thus modern names are apt to 
be arbitrary. Ancient ones very generally have an 
appropriate meaning. And I believe that, as far as we 
know, the languages in which the most ancient names of 
places on the earth, have an appropriate signification, so 
far we may know, to a moral certainty, the tribe or 
nation who were or from whom emigrated the first 
settlers of that region. I recollect, when a boy, to have 
read in an old English Magazine, an essay under the 
signature of Merion, founded on these principles, and 
proving satisfactorily to my mind, that the Welsh was 
the language of the first settlers of the principal part of 
Europe. He gave a great variety of names of places, 
still known, with the original signification, which was 
evidently appropriate, and these names were Welsh 
words, or sentences, some of them somewhat corrupted, 
others but little altered, even in the spelling, and some 
not at all. 

It is 30 or 35 years since I read it, and I recollect but 
few instances, one is Vesuvius (Welch Vus-huv-ys, a 
burning mountain,) Et-na is analogous.* There were 
instances all over France, Germany, &c. The Hebrew 

* I should like to know, if there are any analogies between the Welsh language, and 
that of any of the ancient nations of Asia Minor. 



118 APPENDIX 

scholar finds confirmation of the general proposition, in 
the proper names recorded in scripture. 

A knowledge of the meaning of Aboriginal names of 
places, will lead to researches for the property or quality 
indicated, and often with success. It is this which may 
render investigations of our Indian languages useful to 
us. It is far from improbable, in my opinion, that a 
proper attention to this point, in our extensive western 
regions, may lead to valuable discoveries in soils, pro- 
ducts, minerals, &c. at least much sooner than they 
would otherwise be made. 

I have before promised you some names in this region, 
for other purposes, and now enclose an imperfect list of 
Indian names of streams, islands and lakes on the 
Penobscot, and St. Johns, with such explanations as I 
am able at present to give. I have no knowledge of the 
language of the Penobscots (or Penoomskeooks, as they 
would more properly be called, or ' ' Numbugs' ' as I 
have heard it said they call themselves, perhaps 
Novumbeguas , ) except occasionally a word or two, and 
the explanations are chiefly second hand, as are in some 
cases the names themselves. Perhaps by prosecuting 
inquiries, which you have the best means of doing, you 
may, with little trouble, make some valuable additions 
to our stock of geographical knowledge, in this way. 

A few instances, just now occur, which are not on 
the list, and may serve to confirm some of my remarks. 

Olam'mon {paint, or place where paint is found.) 



INDIAN PLACE-NAMES 119 

The name of a stream and island on the east side of 
Penobscot. Here is found a good paint, an oxyd of iron. 
Bog iron ore is found in the vicinity. 
Mun'na lam' monun' gun or Mun 'olam 'mon-un gun {very 
fine paint, or place where it is found, or great quantity 
of it.) The name of the west branch of Pleasant river, 
passing through the N. B. quarter of Williamsburgh. No. 
6, 9th. range &c. On this is found a large quantity of 
very fine orange colored ochre, some of a bright yellow, 
and some red, and a mountain of excellent iron. Various 
oxyds of iron are found all along its banks, and I have 
seen some sulphate of iron, but not much. Near the 
head is a mineral stream ; qualities not known. The 
name is a superlative of Olammon. The iron and ochres 
were found, from inquiry, excited by the name. 

Sebec. The town next to this, is from a pond and 
stream of the same name, but it is properly Sebagook 
(a great water,) and is the same with the Indian name, 
of Sebago pond, in the county of Cumberland. When I 
first came to Maine, Sebago pond was called Sebaycook. 

They are both the largest in their respective vicinities. 

Kennebeek, (Indian Kahnobahkook.) Kennebacook and 
Kahnobahgo. The well known river and two smaller 
streams in Maine, are all the same name and significa- 
tion. I once knew it, but have forgotten. 

I have exhausted my time and nearly my stock. It is 
well if the same may not be said of your patience. For 



120 APPENDIX 

other parts of your letter, which I have not adverted to, 
accept my thanks, and believe me very respectfully and 
sincerely, 

Your obedient servant, 

Moses Greenleaf. 
Rev. Dr. Morse. 



INDIAN NAMES OF SOME OF THE STREAMS, ISLANDS, "c?C. 

ON THE PENOBSCOT AND ST. JOHN RIVERS IN MAINE ; 

FURNISHED BY MOSES GREENLEAF, ESQ. 

It is rather difficult to spell Indian words, from the 
want of English letters to convey accurately some of the 
Indian sounds, and from the differences in pronunciation 
among the Indians themselves. I have followed such as 
I think most accurate, and endeavor to use no silent 
letters, nor any of dubious sound-e-g — for c I write s, 
except ch as in cheese, for soft g-j &c. a is generally 
broad, as in father. 

Beginning at Bangor, and ascending the Penobscot to 
Chesunkook L^ake, I prefix R, to places on the right, or 
eastern bank, and L,, to those on the left. Islands and 
lakes, in the river, of course, need no such designation. 
I«ooking on the map for places there laid down, you will, 



INDIAN PLACE-NAMES 



121 



from the order of arrangement, ascertain nearly the 
position of the others. 

I give first the Indian names — then the present 
English names where there are such, and last the 
signification as far as I know it : 



Pein-ta-qua-iuk-took, Penobscot River, 



(From Ken-kon or \ 
Kahn, the calf of the f 
leg, and keag a point C 
of land. J 

Nichols* rock, 



{(Old writers have it 
Pemtageovet errone- 
ously I think.) 

A pleasant promenade 

f In the river at the 
\ head of the tide. 
Crooked stream. 
Ant Island. 
/Stillwater west side"! Stillwater, (by some 
\ of Marsh's island. J rearing water.) 
R. Mad-a-mis-comtis, Young alewive stream 

Was soos-sump-sque- 1 M h , Island f Slippery rock I. ( Was- 
he-mok, j-maisn sibiauu, -^ sous is a bear.) 

Ma-chee-wee-sis, Great works Falls, Bad Falls, 

( Painting place for 
\ Squaws. 
Crooked Falls. 
Rocky Falls. 
It would have been better 
Pe-nobs-kook Obskook means a rock in the water.) 
L. Ku-kun-sook, Pushan stream. 

R. Sunk-haze. 

L. Mas-quas-see-kook, Birch stream 
"No-lat-hee-hee-mun'- 
gun, I. 



L. Kenduskeag, 



Sobskook, 

R. Patagumkis, 
Aneksassissaik 

L. *Mskutook, 



Great works Falls, 

R. Ta-la-la-go-dis-sik, Webster's I. 

Wa-be-nung-te-kook , 
Pe-noom'-ske-ook, Old Town Falls, 

(Hence the English word Penobscot. 



| Old settlement. 



♦Schoodic— Schoodiac &c. &c. are all the same word. 



122 



APPENDIX 



Broken I. 

Hemlock stream and I. 
Birch Island. 
Sugar Island. 



Kah-no-nah-jik, 

Bos-que-nu-guk-I. 

L. Kus-sus-kook, 

Pem-squam-ku-took, 

Suga-1 a-manahn, 

L. Beem-squam-kee- \ 

took, J 

Sow-on '-gun, 
R. Olamman, str. ) 

and I. j 

Wom-be-man-do, 
Sau-gus, 

(Quere what is the meaning of Saugus. 
Man-da-wesso, 
A-was-soos, I. 
R. Passadumkeag, 



Long Island. 
Burying Ground. 



Quick smooth water. 



Eagle I, 
J Paint or place where 
X paint is found. 
White man's I. 
Bad Island. 
Lynn?) 
Hedgehog I. 
Bear I. 

Stream above Falls. 
/Burying ground for 
\ Mohawks. 

Chee-manahn, Great Island. 

L. Piskataquis, Rapid River. 

Piscataquis — Piscataqua near Portsmouth, another of the same 
name near Portland and and Piscataquog, in N. H. have all the 
same meaning, and answer to the description. 



Bos-que-noo-sik, I. 



L. Mee-sok-dow-hok, 

Ba-kun-gun-a-hik I. 

Kas-sa-nun-ga-num-keag, 

Na-mok-a-nok, 

L. Mad'-a-mis-kon'-tis, str. 

R. Mad'-a-nau'-kook, str. and I. 

R. Squa-mok-wee-see-boo, str. 

Ma-num'-kook, 

Sol-o-gis-moo-dik, 

Ma-ja'-obs-koos, 

R. Mad-a-wam-keag, str. 



Burnt land I. and str. 
Crooked I. 

Elaware rips (or rapids.) 
Mohawk Rips. 
Young alewive str. 

Little salmon str. 
Sandy I's. 
5 Island Falls. 
Pomoohah's (Devil's) rock. 



INDIAN PLACE-NAMES 123 

At-te-beme-nok, Cherry I. 

Sku-ko-al, Grass I. 

Manas'-koos, Green I. 

Pata-gum-kis, Half -circle point, str. and falls. 

ra ™., . f Little Salmon str. (some other 

R. Phil-a-moosis, | explanation. 

Nik-e-tou, The great fork of the river. 

Che-too'-kook, or Che-sun-kook, The great West Branch. 
Was-sat-a-quoik, The great East Branch. 

(From this follow up the great West Branch.) 
L. Mam-a-sun-gu-obskook, Rough stone stream. 

Ma-dib-par, Flint stone falls. 

Kob-os-see, Sturgeon I. 

Ne-gun-is-sis, Short falls and portage. 

Quas-sa-bam, Pond I. 

Pquakis, Red Pond. 

No-lum-ba-jik, Pool. 

Baam-che-nun-ga-mis, Cross Pond. 

Bam edumpkok,(Pemedumpkok), Sandy barred pond. 
Manahn-ee-kook, River full of I's. 

Maju-um-quassa-bam, Bad pond. 

Pon-gon-qua-mook, Same. 

Pon-gon-que-mis, Same. 

Bok-a-ja-nes-quis, Jug I. 

R.Aubol-jok-o-ma-gassik streams. Bald country. 
Che-sun-kook Lake, ( Che-grea.t—kook-w&ter.) 

St. John's River. 

(Begin at the head of S. W. branch or great lakes to descend.) 
Pon-gon-qua-mook, Muddy pond. 

t, . , , 1 ( Baam' or Ahpm — across. 

Baam'-chee-nun'-gamo, or I L k J ^ or jee _£ reat . 
Ahp'moo-jee'-ne-ga-mook, J j Mook-ook, &c. water. 



124 



APPENDIX 



Wal' lan-gas'-que-ga-mor, 

or 
Wallah'-gas-que-ga'mook, 



f Back wigwam lake. The stream 
below bears this name, (abridg- 

| ed to (Alligash' to its junction 

Lake, ■{ with the Walloostook, or "good 

river," which heads near the 

boundary towards Quebec, and 

^ these two form the St. Johns. 



(Descending the "Alligash.'") 
Uem-sas-kikponds, " Tied together like sausages." 

R. Ma-qua-kook, Birch Stream. 



On the Main St. John. 



L. Pe-che-ne-ga-mook, 
R. Up-que-dopsk, 
L. Madawaskah river. 
L. Walumpkuas river, 
L. Qua dotch quoik river, 
L. Si an gas river, 

L, 

L. Pogop ske kok, str. 



St. Francis' river. 
Fish river. 

(Just below Madawaskah.) 
" Green River. 

Grand River. 
(Just above Grand Falls.) 
f Or Grand Falls, just below the 
\ boundary. 



Che ka che ne ga bik, 
R. Aroostook river,* 

The following are among the Radical Words in the foregoing, as I 
conjecture : — 
1 Crooked. 



Gumkis 

Gunakik 

Took 

Mook 

Ook 

Wassoos 

Awassoos 

Moosis 



Water — I think it indicates a 
large quantity. 

A Bear. 
A Moose. 



*I suspect this to be radically the same word with Wal loos took, i. e. Good River or 
Fine River; the description of the stream and surrounding land, agree with this. 



CONTRACT 



125 



Maqua, 
Bos que, 

Ma chee, 

Che \ 
Chee, / 
Manahn, 
Baam, \ 
Ahpm, J 
Squam, 
Squaniik, \ 
Squamock, J 
Keag, 

Obskook, \ 
Obskoos, t 
Aubol, \ 
Obol, J 



Birch. 

Burying-ground. 
j Bad — wicked — (Macheene to 

\ kill.) 

Great 

Island. 

Across. 

Quick — N itnble . 

Salmon. 

A point of land. 

A rock in the water. 

Bald — Barren. 



CONTRACT BETWEEN MR. GREENLEAF AND 
WTLEIAM DODD 



'This Agreement of Indenture made & fully con- 
cluded on, between William Dodd of Boston, in the 
County of Suffolk & Commonwealth of Massachu- 
setts, Merchant, & Moses Greenleaf of Bangor, in 
the County of Hancock & Commonwealth aforesaid, 
Yeoman, Witnesses, that the said Dodd & Greenleaf, 
joint proprietors of the township numbered Six, in 
the eighth range of townships north of the Waldo 



126 APPENDIX 

patent in the County of Hancock aforesaid, to wit 
the said Dodd proprietor of three fourths, & said 
Greenleaf proprietor of one fourth of the same, in 
common & undivided, do for the promotion of the 
settlement of said township, agree on the following 

Articles, Viz 

"1st. The said Greenleaf, on his part, for a valua- 
ble consideration paid by said Dodd, agrees that he will 
cause to be settled in said township, at his own proper 
cost and charge, ten persons or families within three years 
from the last day of July next ; ten more persons or fami- 
lies within four years ; ten more within five years & 
ten more within six years from said last of July next. 
Each of which shall at those respective periods, have 
cleared, on the land which may be sold him as hereafter 
specified, at least five acres, have built a suitable dwel- 
ling house thereon, & be at that time residing therein, 
with his family if he has any, that is to say, ten of said 
settlers shall be so residing in three years, ten thereof 
in four years, ten in five years, & the remaining ten in 
six years from said last of July next. 

"2nd. The said Greenleaf also agrees, that the said 
settlements shall be begun upon by falling trees on lots or 
parts of lots for distinct settlements at or before the 
several times hereafter mentioned, & shall thereafter be 
continued & improved at least to the final term of settle- 
ment herein specified, to wit, ten of said settlements shall 
be begun upon as aforesaid on or before the last day of 



CONTRACT 127 

July next, ten in one year, ten in two years, & the 
remaining ten in three years from said last of July next. 
On one of which settlements said Greenleaf will within 
four years from the last of July next, reside with his 
family as one of the settlers before mentioned, & continue 
thereon until the final period for completing said settle- 
ments as above expressed, under penalty of five hundred 
Dollars which he hereby promises to pay to said Dodd in 
case of essential neglect, without deduction in chan- 
cery or otherwise, it being a principal object with said 
Dodd to have said Greenleaf a permanent settler & resi- 
dent in said township. 

"3rd. And said Greenleaf further agrees with said 
Dodd, that at or before the expiration of the several 
periods of time before mentioned for completing the said 
settlement, he will procure from the persons who shall 
become settlers as before mentioned, Notes of hand, or 
bonds for money payable to said William Dodd or order, 
which shall amount at least to seven thousand four 
hundred & forty Dollars, or more if said Greenleaf shall 
obtain more from said settlers, To Wit, the Notes or 
Bonds from the first ten shall amount to twelve hun- 
dred & eighty Dollars, & shall be payable within three 
years from the last day of July next, those from the 
second ten shall amount to seventeen hundred & sixty 
Dollars, payable in four years, those from the third ten 
shall amount to two thousand Dollars payable in five 
years, & those from the fourth ten shall amount to two 



128 APPENDIX 

thousand & four hundred Dollars, payable in six years 
from said last of July next, all of which to be on interest 
from their respective dates ; & as it is understood, & 
expressed in the following article, that one fourth part 
of the land for which the Notes aforesaid will be pro- 
cured, is to be considered as a part of said Greenleaf's 
interest in said township, therefore one fourth part of 
the Money due on said Notes or Bonds, shall when 
paid to said Dodd, be endorsed on said Greenleaf's 
Note to said Dodd, or otherwise accounted for by said 
Dodd to said Greenleaf. 

' '4th. And the said Dodd on his part agrees with said 
Greenleaf, that he the said Greenleaf shall have power 
to sell to each of said settlers, at not less than the fol- 
lowing rates, Viz, to the first ten at one Dollar per 
acre, to the second ten at one Dollar & ten cents per 
acre, to the third ten at one Dollar & twenty five cents 
per acre, & to the fourth ten at one Dollar & fifty cents 
per acre, any quantity of land not less than one hun- 
dred acres nor more than one of the lots as surveyed 
by Park Holland Esq, to any one settler, deeds of 
which to be given as hereafter mentioned. Three 
fourths of which land is to be considered as belonging 
to said Dodd's part, & one fourth thereof to said Green- 
leaf's part of said township. Said land so sold is to be 
laid out at the discretion of said Greenleaf in such a 
manner as best to accomodate the settler, & promote the 
property & interest of said Dodd. Provided however 



CONTRACT 129 

that the whole quantity of land sold to said settlers shall 
not exceed one fourth part of the whole township, & 
shall not include any part of the lots numbered ten & 
eleven in said township. 

"5th. The said Dodd & said Greenleaf agree that 
whenever any of the forty settlements aforesaid shall 
be completed, & the conditions as aforesaid to be agreed 
on between said settlers & said Greenleaf shall be com- 
plied with in all respects, then they the said Dodd & 
Greenleaf will make & execute to the said settlers their 
heirs or assigns, good & sufficient warrantee deeds of 
the lands which the said Greenleaf shall have contracted 
to sell to said settlers as aforesaid, To wit, to such of 
said settlers as shall have complied with their respective 
agreements as aforesaid, the said Dodd will convey 
three fourths of their respective lots, & the said Green- 
leaf will convey one fourth of their respective lots, to be 
held in fee simple by said settlers their heirs or assigns. 

" 6th. The said Dodd also agrees that the said Green- 
leaf shall have power to lay out & make such roads 
within said township as he shall judge necessary & 
expedient, the expense of which shall be paid three 
fourths by said Dodd, & one fourth by said Greenleaf, 
said three fourths to be deducted out of the first pay- 
ments which shall become due to said Dodd at the time 
of incurring said expense. Provided that the roads so 
laid out & made shall not exceed thirty six Miles, & 
that the expense thereof shall not exceed thirty Dollars 



130 APPENDIX 

per mile. And all expenses necessarily incurred in sur- 
veying lands for settlements & retracing lines where 
they may be destroyed or not sufficiently marked, shall 
be borne in the foregoing proportions between said Dodd 
& said Greenleaf. 

" 7th. In case the Legislature of this Commonwealth 
should require that any number of settlers shall be 
placed in said township within a shorter time than 
before mentioned, then the said Dodd & Greenleaf 
agree that they will, each of them at his own proper 
cost & charge cause his respective proportion of the 
same to be settled in the township at the time required by 
the Legislature. To wit, the said Dodd three fourths, 
& said Greenleaf one fourth of the number which may 
be at that time necessary to complete the whole number 
so required. 

"8th. Whereas the one fourth part of said town- 
ship was sold by said Dodd to said Greenleaf as con- 
taining five thousand nine hundred & twenty acres, 
exclusive of public reservations, therefore the said Dodd 
agrees that should it be hereafter found that said fourth 
part does not contain so much, he will make up the 
deficiency to said Greenleaf in land of equal value in said 
township or pay him therefor at the rate of one Dollar 
per acre with interest from this date, for all such 
deficiency. 

' ' 9th. The said Greenleaf also engages to continue his 
residence in the township during the before mentioned 



CONTRACT 131 

period, & to use his best endeavors, & all fit & proper 
means, for establishing & promoting said Settlement, for 
the joint benefit of himself & said Dodd, that he will 
not make any charge for his personal services there- 
for, either as surveyor or otherwise, except in cases 
otherwise agreed on, that all expenses incurred thereon 
& which are to be paid by said Dodd as above, shall be 
discharged from the proceeds of the sales as aforesaid, 
without personal resort to said Dodd, & that he will 
not sell more than one half of his interest in said town- 
ship, except such part thereof as by virtue of the 
above agreement shall be sold to persons who shall 
become actual settlers in said township, until the set- 
tlements before agreed on shall be completed as afore- 
said by the several settlers, according to the true intent 
& meaning of the foregoing article. 

" 10th. And neither of the contracting parties shall 
sever or divide his portion of said township from the 
other, until the settlements before mentioned shall all 
of them be completed by the settlers as aforesaid, pro- 
vided said Greenleaf shall duly perform his part of this 
contract, but said Greenleaf may select for himself, as 
a part of his interest in said township, such lot as 
he shall actually settle on & improve. & such part as 
said Greenleaf may sell as above shall be conveyed in 
the same undivided state as he holds it, & no severance 
of his fourth part, notwithstanding his sale thereof, shall 
take place until said township is settled & improved as 
before mentioned. 



132 APPENDIX 

" 11th. And whereas the conveyance of said land to 
said Dodd from the Commonwealth, is accompanied with 
conditions in the usual form relative to the settlement 
of said land by inhabitants, concerning which it is 
presumed no legal advantage will be taken by the Com- 
monwealth, provided the same be done at such future 
time as may be designated by law, if however contrary 
to expectation said land shall be taken away for past 
neglect of said conditions, so that the title of said 
Greenleaf under his purchase shall be thereby defeated, 
the said Dodd shall in such case refund to said Green- 
leaf his heirs or assigns, the consideration received there- 
for by said Dodd from said Greenleaf for the purchase 
made by him as aforesaid, but said Greenleaf in such 
case is to lose all his labor & services relative to the 
premises. 

In testimony whereof, we the said William Dodd & 
Moses Greenleaf have hereunto set our hands & seals 
at Boston aforesaid, this twenty fourth day of February 
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred 
& six. 

Signed, Sealed & delivered William Dodd (L. S.) 
In presence of Moses Greenleaf (Iy.S.) 

The words " aforesaid to be" in the fifth 
article being first interlined 

John Crumby 

Benja. Dodd. 



CONTRACT 133 

ENDORSEMENT ON BACK OP AGREEMENT 

' ' Williamsburg 5th October 1813 — It is agreed by 
the within named parties, that the within named Green- 
leaf shall continue to sell to settlers as within mentioned, 
in such quantities as he may find expedient, not exceed- 
ing an average of two hundred acres to each settler, 
provided however that all the payments which shall be 
received therefor shall accrue as within mentioned to 
said Dodd, until one fourth thereof, being said Green- 
leaf's proportional part thereof, shall amount to a sum 
sufficient to discharge the uote within mentioned, as well 
as all other notes, or demands which said Dodd now 
holds, or may at the time hold against said Greenleaf . 

"It is also agreed that whenever any of the settlers as 
within shall have cleared on their respective lots, at 
least ten acres, & have the same well fenced and pro- 
ducing grass, & shall have erected thereon a suitable 
frame & board dwelling house & barn, the said Dodd & 
Greenleaf will execute to such settlers respectively good 
warrantee deeds of their respective lots, on receiving 
their notes for the principal & interest which shall then 
be due thereon & having proper security therefor by 
mortgage of the land which they shall severally have 
purchased. 

" & it is farther agreed, that the price & terms of pay- 
ment at which said Greenleaf shall sell land as within in 
future, shall be such as said Dodd shall from time to 



134 APPENDIX 

time direct, & that whenever the said Dodd shall think 
proper he shall be at liberty to revoke, modify or alter all 
or any of the powers herein granted to said Greenleaf , & 
upon receiving instructions to that purpose from said 
Dodd, said Greenleaf shall not be at liberty to proceed 
any farther in selling the land, or transacting any other 
of the matters herein contained. 

Witness our hands & seals Wiujam Dodd. (I,. S.) 
the words " land as within " Moses Greenleaf (L.S.) 
first interlined. 



MOSES GREENLEAF, OF WILLIAMSBURG* 



This gentleman was born at Newburyport, Oct. 17, 
1777, and died at Williamsburg, Maine, March 20, 1834. 
His father of the same name, had the appellation of 
"silver tongue," from his aptitude of expression and 
fluency of speech. He removed to New Gloucester when 
his family consisted of his wife and four sons. These 
were Moses, Jonathan, late Minister of Wells, who pub- 
lished in 1821, Sketches of the Ecclesiastical History of 
Maine ; Simon, the late Reporter of Decisions, now Pro- 
fessor in the Law School at Cambridge ; and Ebenezer, 

* From the note book of the late William D. Williamson. Communicated by Joseph 
D. Williamson, Esq. Reprinted from the Bangor Historical Magazine. 



SKETCH OF MOSFS GRFFNXFAF 135 

a Mariner, now resident in Williamsburg. Moses resided 
a few years at Andover, Maine, and settled at Bangor, 
in trade. He married Miss Poor, sister of the wife of 
Jacob McGaw, Esq. Unable through misfortunes, or 
changes in the times, to sustain himself in mercantile 
business, about the year 1806, or 1807 he resigned his 
property into the hands of his creditors, and afterwards 
removing into the township where he died, prepared in 
the midst of the wilderness, a habitation for himself and 
family. His mind was energetic and elastic, though 
sometimes visionary . His education, which was acquired 
at the common schools, was greatly improved by reading 
and reflection, by business, and by the literary pursuits 
to which his mind and tastes so much inclined. Being a 
magistrate, a land-surveyor, and a ready writer, he was 
one of the most useful men among the settlers of a new 
country. At one time he was a Justice of the Court of 
Sessions. In 1816, he published a Map and a "Statis- 
tical View of Maine," and in January of that year the 
Legislature of Massachusetts authorized a subscription 
for one thousand copies, at three dollars for each map , 
and seventy-five cents for each copy of the work. 
Encouraged by this patronage, he revised and enlarged 
both ; and in 1826, published them at great expense. 
The new edition was called "Survey of Maine," and 
the maps were several. On application to the Legisla- 
ture of Maine for aid, a resolve passed March 10, 1830, 
gave him $500, and a subscription on the part of the 



136 APPENDIX 

Government for four hundred copies of the Maps and 
Surveys, at sixteen dollars per set. These last works 
acquired him considerable credit ; but they were too 
heavy to find a ready and extensive sale ; and hence the 
remuneration for his labor was not adequate to his 
deserts, he never was fitly compensated for his time. 

I knew Mr. Greenleaf, well. He was quick in 
thought, composition, action and speech. His stature 
was more than middling for height, and well pro- 
portioned ; his complexion rather light ; his manners 
easy, and himself always frank and accessible. Some 
years before his death he made a profession of religion, 
and died, as he had lived, in the hope of salvation 
through the merits of an atoning Saviour. He left a 
wife, and four children ; two sons and two daughters. 
He was always a Federalist, and sometimes rendered 
himself quite unpopular by his zeal, and severity of 
expression in conversation upon politics. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

OF 

THE MAPS OF MAINE 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MAPS OF MAINE 

l~N the following Bibliography the editor has endeav- 
-*- ored to prepare a complete list of all the maps of 
Maine that have been published, with the exception of 
those that have appeared in school geographies. He is 
conscious that some may have been omitted, but an effort 
was made to make the list accurate and complete. 

Explanation : The initials following the description 
of the maps, indicate where copies may be found. L. C. 
Library of Congress; M. S. L. Maine State Library; 
M. H. S. L. Maine Historical Society Library ; H. W. B. 
Collection of Hubbard W. Bryant, Portland Me ; K. C. S. 
Collection of Edgar C. Smith, Foxcroft, Me. 

Fac-simile copies of twenty three of the earliest maps 
known to exist, reduced and lithographed in Bremen, 
Germany, under the direction of Dr. J. G. Kohl of 
Bremen. 



140 APPENDIX 

In Collections of Maine Historical Society, 2nd series, 
Vol. 1. M. S. Iv. M. H. S. I/. 

(Note. While these maps generally embrace the 
whole of the then known NEW WORLD, and do not 
relate exclusively to Maine, yet they are the earliest 
maps of that country of which Maine forms a part.) 

I. The North Atlantic, by Antonio Zeno, in the year 
1400. 5£x4. [1 

II. The North Atlantic, by the Icelander, Sigurd 
Stephanius, in the year 1570. 4f x4|. [2 

III. The North Atlantic, by the Icelander, Gud- 
brandus Tortacius, in the year 1606. 4fx4£ [3 

IV. The ocean and the Islands between Western 
Europe and Eastern Asia, from the Globus of Martin 
Behaim, 1492. 6x4. [4 

V. The East-Coast of North-America, by Juan de la 
Cosa, in the year 1500. 6x4£. [5 

VI. A Chart of the New world, by Johann Ruysch, 
1508. 6x4. [6 

VII. North- America from the Globe of Johann 
Sehouer 1520. 6x4. [7 

VIII. Newfoundland, Labrador and Greenland, from 
a Portuguese Chart of the year 1504. 5f x4£. [8 

IX. Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, by 
Pedro Reinel, made about 1505. 6^x4^. [9 

X. Parts of North America, from a Portuguese map 
in about the year 1520. 5fx4£. [10 



MAPS OF MAINS 141 

XI. New France, by the Italian, Iacomo di Gastaldi, 
in about the year 1550. 7fx6. [11 

XII. Tierra Nueva, by Giro Ruscelli, 1561. 
6*4£. [12 

XIII. North-America, made by Michael Iyok, in 
the year 1582. 8|x7. [13 

XIV. From a map of the World made in the year 
1536 by B. Agnese. 4£x4£. [14 

XV. (a) North-America from a map of the World 
in Ptolomy Edit : Basle 1530. 4x3. (b) North- 
America from a map made by G. Ruscelli in the year 
1544. 4x3. (c) North-America from a Parlotano 
made in the year 1536. 4x3. (d) North-America, 
from a map made by Diego Hamem, in the year 1540. 
4x3. (Size of entire plate 8x6.) [15 

XVI. The East-Coast of North America, by D. 
Ribero, in the year 1529. 6x4£. [16 

XVII. Several sketches of the East Coast of the U. 
S. by different authors. 6^x8^. [17 

XVIIIa. Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence, by Gaspar Viegas, 1534. 5£x4. [18 

XVIII. From a French map of the World made in 
the year 1543. 8x6. [19 

XIX. North America from an atlas of Nic : Vallard 
de Dieppe, made soon after the year 1543. 8£x6f [20 

XX. From Sebastian Cabot's map of the World, 
made in the year 1544. 7x6£. [21 



142 APPENDIX 

XXI. The Northeast parts of North-America, by 
Diego Hamem 1558. 8£x6£. [22 

XXII. East-Coast of North- America, from the Map 
of the World, by G. Mercator, Duisburg, 1569. 
8ix6£. [23 

Carte pour servir a 1' intelligence du memoire sur la 
Pesche de molues, par Jean Michel, en 1510 copie de 
P original, (depot des Cartes.) [24 

Massachusetts Archives; Documents collected in 
France, i, 345. 

(Date is an error in copying, should be 1610.) See 
Narrative and Critical History of America edited by 
Justin Winsor. vol. 4, page 143, M. H. S. L. 

Carte De La Partie Orientale De La Nouvelle France 
ou du Canada, Dediee A Monseigneur le Comte de 
Maurepas, Ministre et Secretaire d'Etat, Commandeur 
des Ordres du Roy. Par N. Bellin Ingenieur de la 
Marine 1744. Desbruslins sculpsit. 15fx22. [25 

In Charlevoix Histoire et Description Generale de 
la Nouvelle France. Paris 1744. (Note. This map 
includes the whole of the present territory of the State 
of Maine.) M. S. I,. M. H. S. L. 

A New Map of Nova Scotia, and Cape Britain with 
the adjacent parts of New England and Canada, Com- 
posed from a great number of actual Surveys ; and 
other materials Regulated by many new Astronomical 
Observations of the Longitude as well as Latitude ; 
with an Explanation. 1755. Published according to 



MAPS OF MAINE 143 

Act of Parliament, by Thos. Jefferys, Geographer to His 
Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, at the corner of St. 
Martin's Lane, Charing Cross, London, 18x24. [26 

In The Memorials of the English and French Com- 
missaries concerning the Limits of Nova Scotia or 
Acadia. London 1755. M. S. L. 

A Map of the British and French Dominions in North 
America, with the Roads, Distances and Extent of the 
Settlements, Humbly inscribed to the Right Honorable 
The Lord of Halifax, and the Right Honorable The 
Lords Commissioners for Trade & Plantations, By their 
Lordships Most Obliged and very humble Servant Jno. 
Mitchell, 1755. [27 

Manuscript copy in M. S. L. 

A Map of the sources of the Chaudiere, Penobscot, 
and Kennebec rivers. By (col. J.) Montresor. ms. 
22£xl9. (1761.) L.C. [28 

Note. Montresor's Journal of this expedition from 
Quebec into Maine is found in Maine Historical Society. 
Collections 1831, V. 1, p. 341. 

The Coast of New England. Published according to 
Act April 24, 1776, by J. F. W. Des Barres Esqr. 
27£x39£. M. H. S. L. [29 

In charts of the coast and harbors of New England. 
Composed and Engraved by Joseph Frederick Wallet 
Des Barres Esq. (1777 ? ) 

A New Map of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island 
with the ajacent parts of New England and Canada, 



144 APPENDIX 

composed from a great number of actual Surveys ; and 
other materials Regulated by many new astronomical 
observations of the longitude as well as the Latitude ; 
by Thomas Jefferys, Geographer To The King. Lon- 
don, Printed & sold by R. Sayer & J. Bennett No. 53 
in Fleet Street, 15 June 1775. 18£x24. M. H. S. L. 
(Note. This map covers Maine.) [30 

In the American Atlas engraved by Thomas Jefferys, 
London 1778. 

Penobscot river and bay, with the operations of the 
English fleet, under Sir George Collyer, against the 
division of Massachusetts troops acting against fort 
Castine, aug. 1779. With full soundings up to the 
present site of Bangor, ms. (anon) 18x57. L. C. [31 

Plan of part of the district of Main, (anon) 13£xl5£. 
178-? L. C. [32 

The District of Main from the latest Surveys. O. 
Carleton delin. (178?) 10fx8. In the collection of 
C. F. Kennedy, Brewer, Me. [33 

Maine. 6x7. L. C. [34 

In (Joseph Scott's, The United States gazetteer. 
Phil. 1795. 

A Map of the District of Maine, Drawn from the latest 
Surveys and other best Authorities, by Osgood Carleton. 
Engraved for Judge Sullivan's (James) History of the 
District of Maine. Published by Thomas & Andrews, 
Boston. 1795. Doolittle sc. Newhaven. 16x20. M. S. L. 
M. S. H. L. [35 



MAPS OP MAINE 145 

In Sullivan's History of the District of Maine. Bos- 
ton 1795. 

The Province of Maine, From the best authorities. 
1795. 9fxl4£. H. W. B. [36 

An Accurate Map of the District of Maine Being Part 
of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Compiled pur- 
suant to an Act of the General Court ; From Actual 
Surveys of the several Towns &c Taken by Their Order ; 
Exhibiting the boundary Lines of the District, the 
Counties and Towns, the principal Roads, Rivers, 
Mountains, Mines, Islands, Rocks, Shoals, Channels, 
Lakes, Ponds, Falls, Mills, Manufactures, and Public 
Buildings, with the latitudes and Longitudes &c. By 
Osgd. Carleton. Boston, Published and sold by O. Carle- 
ton & J. Norman. Sold also by Wm. Norman, No. 75 
Newbury Street. 38^x54. (1795) H. W. B. [37 

A Plan of the District of Maine taken principally from 
Plans and Surveys furnished by the Committee for sell- 
ing Eastern Land. Drawn for the above Committee, 
A. D. MDCCXCV. by Osgood Carleton. 40|x56£. 

Manuscript copy in M. S. L. [38 

The Province of Maine, from the best authorities 
1795. 14^x10. L. C. [39 

In The American Atlas. New York, J. Reid, 1796. 

The Province of Maine, from the best authorities, 
by Samuel Lewis, 1794, W. Barker sculp. 9fxl4£. 
Engraved for Carey's American edition of Guthrie's 
Geography improved. [40 



146 APPENDIX 

In Carey's General Atlas; Published by Matthew 
Carey, Philadelphia, May 1, 1796. H. W. B. L. C. 

Maine entworfen von D. F. Sotzmann, Hamburg, bey 
Carl Ernst Bohn, 1798. 17^x25. H. W. B. ; L. C. [41 

Coast of Maine. 20^x321. [42 

In the American Pilot. William Norman publisher, 
containing the navigation of the sea coast of North 
America (etc). Boston, W. Norman 1798. 

Map of the District of Maine Massachusetts, compiled 
from Actual Surveys made by Order of the General 
Court, and under the inspection of Agents of their 
appointment. By Osgood Carleton 36fx53. (1798). [43 

In Clerk of Courts' office Ellsworth Maine. 

Map of the District of Maine Massachusetts, Compiled 
from Actual Surveys. Made by Order of the General 
Court, and under the inspection of Agents of their 
appointment, by Osgood Carleton. Engraved by J. 
Callender & S. Hill Boston. Drawn by G. Graham. 
Boston : Published by B. & J. goring, 1802. 53^x37. 
E. C. S. M. S. Iv. [44 

Maine. Drawn by S. L,ewis. Eng'd by Hooker. 
7fx9£. [45 

In Arrowsmith & Lewis, new and elegant general 
atlas. Phil. J. Conrad, 1804. 

A new chart of Nova Scotia with the south coast of 
New Brunswick ; including also a part of the islands of 
St. John and Cape Breton ; and of the coast of New 
England. Regulated and ascertained by astronomical 



MAPS OP MAINP 147 

observations. By Capt. Holland. London, Laurie and 
Whittle, 12 July 1798. 28x58. L- C. [46 

In North American Pilot. London, R. Laurie & J. 
Whittle, 1806. 

Map of the District of Maine and Lower Canada, ms. 
(anon) 37fx22|. (180-?) L- C. [47 

Map of the District of Maine from the latest and best 
authorities. By Moses Greenleaf Esq. 1815. To the 
Honorable, the Legislature of the State of Massa- 
chusetts, this Map is Respectfully Inscribed by the 
Author. Engraved by W. B. Annin Boston. Published 
by Cummins & Hilliard No. 1, Cornhill. Boston. 
26x40. M. S. L. L. C. E. C. S. [48 

A map & chart of the bays, harbours, post roads and 
settlements in Passamaquoddy & Marchias with the 
large island of Grand Manan. Compiled, from actual 
survey by B. R. Jones, surveyor. Boston, eng. by T. 
Wightman, (1818) 21xl6£. L. C. [49 

Map of the State of Maine from the latest and best 
authorities. By Moses Greenleaf Esq. 1820. Engraved 
by W. B. Annin, Boston. 26x40. L. C. E. C. S. [50 

A Map of the Country explored in the years 1817, 
1818, 1819, and 1820. By order of the Commissioners 
under the 5th Article of the Treaty of Ghent. Hiram 
Bornham U. S. Surveyor. (1820?) 27x44. 

Manuscript copy in M. S. L. [51 

Geographical, historical and statistical map of Maine. 
12x9£. [52 



148 APPENDIX 

In A complete historical, cronological and geographi- 
cal American Atlas. Phil. H. C. Carey &I. Lea, 1822. 
L. C. 

Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. N. & S. S. 
Jocelyn, sc. 9fx7f . L. C. [53 

In Morse's new universal atlas of the world, on an 
improved plan (etc) New Haven N. & S. S. Jocelyn, 
1825. 

Map of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, com- 
piled from the latest authorities. D. H. Vance del. 
J. H. Young sc. 17x21£. I,. C. [54 

In Finley's new American atlas. Phil. A. Finley 1826. 

Map of the northern part of Maine, and of the adjacent 
British Provinces. Shewing the portion of that state to 
which Great Britain lays claim. Reduced from the 
official map A, with corrections from the latest surveys 
by S. Iv. Dashiell, 1830. 15£xl6£. E. C. [55 

In Statement on the part of the United States, of the 
case referred, in pursuance of the convention of Sept. 
29, 1827. Washington U. S. Telegraph, 1829. 

Extract from a map of the British and French domin- 
ion in North America. By Jno. Mitchell, 1775. Drawn 
by S. E- Dashiell. 13x13. [56 

In Statement on the part of the United States, of the 
case referred, in pursuance of the convention of Sept. 
29, 1827. Washington, U. S. Telegraph, 1829. E. C. 

Map of the State of Maine with the Province of New 
Brunswick. By Moses Greenleaf. Engraved by J. H. 



MAPS OF MAINS 149 

Young & F. Dankworth, Philadelphia. Published by- 
Shirley & Hyde. Portland, 1829. 40£x50£. M. S. h. 
h. C. E. C. S. [57 

Atlas accompanying (Moses) Greenleaf's map, and 
Statistical Survey of Maine. 7 plates. New York, 
engraved by W. Chapin ; Portland, published by Shirley 
& Hyde, 1829. M. S. IT. E. C. S. L- C. 

1. Map of the principal rivers, mountains and high- 
land ranges of the State of Maine. By Moses Green- 
leaf. 1828. 21x13. [58 

2. Sketch from Bouchette's map of Upper & Lower 
Canada and the District of Gaspe. Exhibiting the true 
range of Highlands dividing the waters of the St 
Lawrence & the Atlantic, and the imaginary ranges 
claimed by the British for the boundary of the State of 
Maine. 16x16$. [59 

3. Sketch of the imaginary Ranges of Highlands 
reported by the British surveyors under the treaty of 
Ghent, as extending across the State of Maine. 
114x10$. [60 

4. Vertical sections, exhibiting the comparative alti- 
tude of the principal Highlands and Rivers of the State 
of Maine. By Moses Greenleaf. 1828. 19^x29. [61 

5. Map exhibiting the principal Original Grants and 
Sales of land in the State of Maine. By Moses Green- 
leaf. 1829. 32x23$. [62 

6. Map of the inhabitated part of the State of Maine, 
exhibiting the progress of its settlement since the year 



150 APPENDIX 

1778, the Representative Districts since the year 1820 
and the population and value of taxable property in 
each district at the year 1820. By Moses Greenleaf. 
19£x23. [63 

7. Meteorological Diagrams. 1820-27. 

Maine. Drawn by David H. Burr. 16xl0£. New York 
D. H. Burr 1831. I,. C. Note. No 12 of Burr's, A 
series of maps for a general atlas. [64 

Map of the State of Maine. Published by S Coleman. 
Portland 1831. Pendleton's Lithogy. Boston. Eddy delt. 
on stone. 11^x17. H. W. B. [65 

Maine. 7£xl0. M. S. L. [66 

In T. G. Bradford's Comprehensive Atlas, N. Y. 1835. 

An Improved Map of Maine compiled from the most 
recent and best authorities. Published by L,ewis Robin- 
son & Co., 1835. 23fx29. E. C. S. [67 

Map of the Northern Part of the State of Maine, and 
of the ajacent British Provinces, showing the portion of 
that State to which Great Britain lays claim. Reduced 
from the official Map A, with corrections from the latest 
surveys by S. I,. Dashiell. Washington 1830. T. Moores 
Ivithog. Boston. 15£xl6£. E. C. S. [68 

In Report and Resolves in relation to the North- 
Eastern Boundary. Massachusetts Senate 1838. 

Extract from a Map of the British & French Domin- 
ions in North America, by Jno. Mitchell. 1755. T. 
Moores lithography, Boston 13£xl3f, E. C. S. [69 

In same document as previous map. 



MAPS OF MAINF 151 

A new Map of Maine, by H. S. Tanner, 1833. 
llxl4J. M. S. E. [70 

In Tanner's New Universal Atlas. Phil. 1839. 

Map Compiled and Drawn By the Commissioners 
appointed under the Resolves of the Legislature of the 
State of Maine approved March 23d, 1838 : For ascer- 
taining, running, and locating the North Kastern 
Boundary of the State ; to accompany their Report. 
Drawn by Wm. Anson : Surveyor & Civil Engineer : 
Portland, March, 1839. 50£x57£. 

Manuscript copy in M. S. E. [71 

Map of Maine, showing the boundary lines between 
the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and part 
of New York, and the British provinces. By John G. 
Deane. 1839. 33x27. [72 

Map of the State of Maine Compiled from the most 
Authentic Surveys, Explorations, and Authorities ; 
Showing the Boundaries of the State and Parts of the 
adjacent British Provinces, according to the Provisional 
Treaty of Peace in 1782, and the Definitive Treaty in 
1783, by John G. Deane. 1840. Engraved by C. A. 
Swett, Portland. 33x27. M. S. E. E. C. [73 

Same. 1842. M. S. E. [74 

Map of that portion of Her Majesty's Colonies of New 
Brunswick and Eower Canada the title to which is dis- 
puted by the Government of the U. States with parts of 
the adjacent country. The Rise and Course of the 
Rivers, with the direction of the Highlands, and their 



152 APPENDIX 

elevations above the sea, expressed in English feet, 
from Barometrical admeasurements to accompany a 
report of the investigation of that Country which the 
Rt. Hon. Viscount Palmerton G. C. B. Her Majesty's 
Principal Secretary of State directed to be made A. D. 
1839. Constructed by direction of Richd. L,. Mudge 
G. W. Featherstonhaugh, Commissioners, Engd. by 
Jas. Wyld. London. 35£x27£. [75 

Accompanying the Report of the British Commis- 
sioners A. D. 1840. 

In the collection of John Marshall Brown, Portland. 

The following maps appear in Albert Gallatin's " The 
right of the United States of America to the North- 
Eastern Boundary claimed by them " New York 1840. 

M. S. I,. 

1 . A Map Reduced from the official Map A of the Ter- 
ritory contained between the lines respectively contended 
for By the United States and Great Britain, (etc) 
16£xl5|. [76 

2. Extract from a Map of the British and French Do- 
minions in North America by Jno. Mitchell. 13x13. [77 

3. Map of the Disputed Territory Reduced from the 
Original of Messrs Featherstonhaugh & Mudge British 
Commissioners 1839. 10|xl2. [78 

4. Campbell's Sketch of Highland. 4|x6. [79 

5. Part of Govr. Pownall's Map published 1776 
being his addition of New England and bordering parts 
of Canada etc. 9x5£. [80 



MAPS OF MAINE 153 

6. Province of Quebec according to the Royal 
Proclamation of 1763, from the French Surveys & those 
by Captain Carver & Others. Sayer & Bennett 1776. 
9fx8£ [81 

7. Map of North America according to the Treaty of 
Paris of 1763, Bman Bowen Geogr. to his Majesty 1775. 
4|x5£ [82 

8. American Military Atlas. Northern British Col- 
onies from the Maps published by the Admiralty &c 
corrected from Governor Pownall's late Map. London 
14 August 1776. 4fx6f [83 

Carte des limites du Maine, du Canada, et N'veau 
Brunswick, par mr. K. Cortambert ; principalement 
d'apres une carte de mr. Hale, 1842. (Delamare 
sculp't.) 8x7|. I,. C. [84 

In Nouvelles annales des voyages. 4me serie. Paris 
1842. v. 12 p 221. 

Map of the Boundary Lines between the United States 
and the adjacent British Provinces from the mouth of 
the River St. Croix to the intersection of the Parallel of 
45 degrees of North Latitude with the River St. Law- 
ence near St. Regis. Shewing the Lines as respectively 
claimed by the United States and Great Britain under 
the treaty of 1783, as awarded by the King of the 
Netherlands, and as settled in 1842 by the Treaty of 
Washington. Compiled by Lieut. T. J. Lee Topi. 
Engineer, and W. M. C. Fairfax Civil Bngr. Under 



154 APPENDIX 

the direction of Major J. D. Graham Corps of Topo- 
graphical Engrs. one of the Commissioners for Survey- 
ing and exploring the North Eastern Boundary of the 
U. S. Under the Act of Congress of July 20th 1840; 
as directed by the Department of State. Improved by 
numerous astronomical observations. March 1843. W.J. 
Stone, sc. Wash. 22fx27i. E. C. S. [85 

Map of the northern part of the state of Maine and of 
the adjacent British provinces, showing the portion of 
that state to which Great Britain lays claim. Reduced 
from the official map A. with corrections from the latest 
surveys by S. L,. Dashiell. 1830. B. Chambers sc. 
17xl5£. I,. C. [86 

United States Congress, A collection of maps, etc. 
published by order of Congress. Washington 1843. 

Extract of a map of the British and French Dominions 
in North America, by Jno. Mitchell. [87 

In United States Congress : A collection of maps, etc. 
published by order of congress. Washington, 1843. 

Map of Maine, constructed from the most Correct 
Surveys with sectional Distances and Elevations, or 
L,evel of the St. Croix from Calais Bridge. Deduced 
from the State's survey. Made by W. Anson, Civil 
Engineer in 1836. Engraved & Published by S. H. 
Colesworthy, Portland. Revised 1843 edition. 23£xl4|. 
E. C. S. [88 

In Maine Register, Augusta 1843. 



maps of maine; 155 

Map of the State of Maine with the Province of New 
Brunswick. By Moses Greenleaf. Engraved by J. H. 
Young & F. Dankworth Philadelphia. 3d. Kdition. 
1844. 41£x50. M. S. I,. E. C. E. C. S. [89 

Maine with a part of Canada & New Brunswick, 
shewing the disputed territory and the boundary as 
settled by treaty. 5^x7^. L. C. [90 

In the Picturesque Tourists, by O. E- Holley. New 
York 1844. 

Maine. 10fxl2£. M. S. E. [91 

In Jeremiah Greenleaf's New Universal Atlas. 1848. 

A New Map of Maine, Published by S. Augustus 
Mitchell, N. E. corner of Market & 7th Streets Philada. 
1848. 12x15. M. S. E. [92 

In Mitchell's New Universal Atlas, Phil. 1849. 

Map of Maine constructed from the most correct 
Surveys, With Sectional Distances and Elevations, or 
Eevel of the St. Croix River from Calais Bridge. 
Deduced from the State's Survey. Made by W. Anson, 
civil engineer in 1836. Engraved and Published by 
S. H. Colesworthy, Portland. Revised edition 1853. 
14£x23£. H. W. B. [93 

New Map of Maine. Compiled from the original 
surveys, & other authentic sources. Published by J. B. 
Mansfield. 1855. 46x54. E. C. [94 

Colton's Railroad & Township Map of the State of 
Maine with portions of New Hamshire, New Brunswick 
& Canada. Published by J. H. Colton & Co., New 
York 1855. 39x32. E. C. [95 



156 APPENDIX 

Maine, published by J. H. Colton & Co., No. 172 
William St. New York 15£xl2£ M. H. S. L. [96 

In Colton's Atlas of the World. N. Y. 1856. 

Maine. 9|xl2£. M. S. I,. [97 

In Perry & Spaulding, Family Atlas of the United 
States. 

Geological Map of Northern Maine, by C. H. Hitch- 
cock, 1862. 12ixl5i. M. S. E. [98 

In Report of Maine Board of Agriculture 1861. 
Augusta, 1861. 

Map of the State of Maine From Actual Surveys 
made by H. F. Walling & J. Chace Jr., And From The 
British & American Boundary Commissioners Survey. 
The U.S. Coast Survey. The State Eand Survey and 
the New Brunswick Provincial Surveys. Drawn on the 
Rectangular Polyconic Projection according to the U.S. 
Coast Survey Tables, by H. F. Walling. Published by 
J. Chace Jr. & Co., 55 Exchange St. Portland. 1861. 
61x63. M. S. E. [99 

Map of the State of Maine From Surveys made by the 
United States Coast Survey, from the British and 
American Boundary Commissioners Survey, from the 
State Land Surveys, the New Brunswick Provincial 
Surveys, and from Actual Surveys by H. F. Walling & 
J. Chace Jr. Drawn on the Rectangular Polyconic Pro- 
jection, according to the U. S. Coast Survey tables by 
H. F. Walling. Published by J. Chace Jr. & Co., 55 
Exchange St. Portland 1862. 61x63. M. S. E. E. C. S. 
E. C [100 



MAPS OF MAINE 157 

Johnson's Maine. Published by A. J. Johnson, New 
York. 1866. 15£x21£. M. S. Iy. [101 

In Johnson's New Illustrated Family Atlas. N.Y. 1864. 

Johnson's Maine by Johnson & Ward. 12£xl5£. 
M. S. Iy. In same. [102 

(Map of) River Systems of Maine to illustrate Wells' 
Water Power of Maine. Prepared by G. W. & C..B. 
Colton & Co. 172 William St. New York. 12£xl5. 
M. S. Iy. [103 

In The Water Power of Maine, by Walter Wells. 
Augusta. 1869. 

Colton's Maine. 1870. Published by G. W. & C. B. 
Colton & Co. No. 172 William St. New York. Il£xl3f . 

[104 

In Maine State political manual and Annual Register. 
1870. Compiled by Edmund S. Hoyt. Portland, Hoyt, 
Fogg & Breed. M. S. Iy. 

Colton's Maine. Published by G. W. & C. B. Col- 
ton & Co No. 172 William St. New York, for Hoyt, 
Fogg & Breed, Portland, 1871. 10|xl4. M. S. Iy. [105 

In Maine State Year-Book and Annual Register 1871. 
Compiled by Edmund S. Hoyt. Portland, Hoyt, Fogg 
& Breed. 

Same. Annually 1872-73-74-75. 

Map of the State of Maine. Iy. Newman, eng. 21x14^. 
M. S. Iy. [106 

In F. W. Beers & Co., Atlas of Cumberland County, 
1871. 



158 APPENDIX 

Asher & Adams Maine and part of Quebec. 1872. 
16x22^. M. S. L. [107 

In Asher & Adams Atlas & Gazetteer of the U. S. 
N. Y. 1872. 

Map of the State of Maine. L,. Newman, engr. 
21xl4£. M. S. I,. [108 

In Atlas of Androscoggin County. Sanford Bvarts & 
Co., 1873. 

Map of Moosehead Lake and the head waters of the 
Penobscot & St. John Rivers. Designed expressly for 
sportsmen, hunters, and lumbermen. Compiled and 
published by John M. Way, Jr. Boston (1874.) 19x17. 
L. C. [109 

Township Map of Maine, 1875. 14£x22. M. S. L. 

[110 

In Comstock & Cline Atlas of Penobscot County 1875. 

Farrar's Map of the Rangely Lakes region and the 
sources of the Magalloway & Androscoggin Rivers. 
Drawn expressly for Farrar's illustrated guide book, by 
M. M. Tidd. 1876. Boston, Farrar & Johnson. 16£x21. 
L. C. [Ill 

Colton's Maine. Published by G. W. & C. B. Col- 
ton & Co., No. 172 William St. New York, for Hoyt, 
Fogg & Donham. Portland, Maine 1876. Il£xl4. 
M. S. L. [112 

In Maine State Year-Book and Legislative Manual, 
1876-77, by Edmund S. Hoyt. Portland, Hoyt, Fogg 
& Donham. 



MAPS OF MAINE 159 

Same. Annually 1877-78-79-80-81-82-83. 

Map prepared to accompany Gen. Chamberlain's 
Centennial Address "Maine in History" 1877. 17^x14. 
M. S. I,. [113 

In Maine : Her Place in History. Address at Cen- 
tennial Nov. 4. 1876, by Joshua L,. Chamberlain. 
Augusta 1877. 

Rand, McNally & Co's., indexed Map of Maine. 
12x19. Chicago 1877. L. C. [114 

Cram's Railroad and County Map of Maine. Chicago, 
G. F. Cram, 1879. 23x16. I,. C. [115 

Colton's Maine. Published by G. W. & C. B. Colton 
& Co., No. 172 William St. New York, for Hoyt, Fogg 
& Donham, Portland Maine. 1880. 15|xl3 M. S. I,. 

[116 

In Atlas of Oxford County, Caldwell & Halfpenny 
1880. 

Farrar's Map of Northern Maine, Moosehead L,ake 
and vicinity, Sebec I,ake and the head waters of the 
Kennebec, Penobscot and St. John Rivers. Drawn 
expressly for "Farrar's Moosehead L,ake and vicinity 
illustrated" from actual surveys. By M. M. Tidd. 
Jamaica Plains Mass. C. A. J. Farrar, (1880) 24x19. 
L. C. [117 

Map of routes to Kaadn, to accompany paper in 
"Appalachia " J. W. & J. Sewall, C. K's. Appalachia. 
v. 2. pi. 9. Boston, photo, lith. Forbes Co., (1881) 
14x16. I,. C. * [118 



160 APPENDIX 

Map of the head waters of the Aroostook, Penobscot 
& St. John Rivers, Maine. Prepared expressly for 
Thomas Sedgwick Steele. (1881) 19£x21£. I,. C. 

[119 

Post Route Map of the State of Maine and of the adja- 
cent parts of New Hampshire and the Dominion of 
Canada. The 1st ed. was issued in 1869. Paul Goepel, 
draughtsman. Washington, eng. D. McClelland (1881) 
29x37. L. C. [120 

Bradley & Co., County and Township Map of the 
State of Maine. Philadelphia, Bradley & Co., 1882. 
15x21£. L. C. [121 

Map of Moosehead Lake and Northern Maine embrac- 
ing the Headwaters of the Penobscot, Kennebec and 
St. John Rivers. Specially Adapted to the Uses of 
Sportsmen and Lumbermen. Compiled and Published 
by Lucius L. Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass. 1883. Bos- 
ton, A. Meissel Lith. 19ix23£. M. S. L. L. C. [122 

Colton's Maine. Published by G. W. & C. B. Colton 
& Co., No. 182 William St., for Hoyt, Fogg & Donham, 
Portland, Maine. 11^x14. M. S. L. 

In Maine State Year. Book and Leislative Manual 
1884-85. By Kdmund S. Hoyt, Portland, Hoyt, Fogg & 
Donham. [123 

Same. Annually 1885-86. 

Watson's Atlas Map, of Maine. 9xllf . [124 

In Watson's new and complete Illustrated Atlas of the 
World. J. R. Spaulding & Co., Boston. (1885) 



MAPS OF MAINS 161 

County and Township Map of the State of Maine. 
1882. 15x21£. M. S. E. [125 

In Mitchell's New General Atlas. Phil. 1885. 

Maine. George F. Cram Engraver & Publisher, 
Chicago 111. 9£xl2 £. M. S. E. [126 

In People's Family Atlas. Chicago 1886. 

Maine. Published by G. W. & C. B. Colton & Co., 
No. 182 William St., New York, for the Maine State 
Year-Book, G. M. Donham Publisher, Portland, Maine. 
Il£xl4£. M. S. E. [127 

In Maine Register or State Year-Book and Legislative 
Manual. Compiled by G. M. Donham, Portland, Maine. 
1887. 

Same. Annually 1888-89-90-91-92-93. 

Map of the Railroads of the State of Maine, accom- 
panying the Report of the Railroad Commissioners 1890. 
Prepared by William A. Allen, C. E. Rand Avery Sup- 
ply Co., Engrs. 29fx33f M. S. E. [128 

Same map issued annually with additional railroad 
lines from 1890 to 1902. 

Rand, McNally & Go's., indexed county and railroad 
pocket and shippers' guide of Maine, (etc) 34pp. Map. 
Chicago, Rand, McNally & Co. (1892) E. C. [129 

Map of Maine 12£xl9 M. S. E. [130 

In Rand, McNally & Co., Atlas of the world 1892 
vol. 1, page 21. 

Spaulding's New Township and Railroad Map of 
Maine. Indexed. 1893. Published by J. R. Spauld- 
ing & Co., Boston Mass. 20fx33£. E. C. S. [131 



162 APPENDIX 

Maine. Published by G. W. & C. B. Colton & Co., 
No. 312 Broadway New York, for the Maine State 
Year-Book, G. M. Donham, publisher. Portland Maine. 
Il£xl4£. M. S. I,. [132 

In Maine Register, State Year-Book, and Legislative 
Manual. Compiled and Published by G. M. Donham. 
Portland Maine, 1894. 

Same. Annually 1895-96-97-98. 

Agricultural Map of the State of Maine, prepared 
under the direction of the Board of World's Fair Com- 
missioners and State Board of Agriculture. By Samuel 
L,. Boardman. Augusta, 1893. J. H. Cochrane and W. B. 
Getchel, Draughtsmen 7x10. M. S. L,. [133 

In thirty-sixth annual report of the Secretary of the 
Board of Agriculture, for the years 1893-94. Augusta. 
1894. 

Map of the State of Maine, Compiled, Drawn & 
Published from Official Plans and Actual Surveys, By 
Colby & Stuart, Houlton Me. Engraved by Wm. 
Bracher, Phil. 1895. 24£x32£. [134 

In Colby's Atlas of Maine 5th. edition. 

Maine. 9x12. [135 

In Encyclopaedia Brittanica 9th edition vol. 15. page 
296. Chicago 1895. 

Maine. 1895. 9^x12^. [136 

In Rand & McNally's Atlas, Chicago 1895. 

Map of Northern Maine specially adapted to the uses 
of Iyumbermen and Sportsmen. Issued by the Bangor 



MAPS OF MAINE 163 

& Aroostook R. R. Bangor, Me. Compiled & Copy- 
righted 1897 by Harry A. Frink C. E. Geo. H. Walker 
& Co., Iyith. Boston 31£x27i E. C. S. [137 

The Century Atlas, Maine, copyright, 1897, by The 
Century Co., New York. 14xl0£. 138 

In the Century Atlas of the World. N. Y. (1898) 

Map of Maine. 16x22. M. S. E. [139 

In Cram's Standard American Atlas of the World. 
1899. 

Maine. Struthers & Co., Engrs. N. Y. 8ixl0£. [140 

In International Cyclopaedia, N. Y. 1899. Vol. 9, 
page 384. 

Maine. Published by Colton, Ohman & Co., 15 
Warren St., New York, for the Maine State Year-Book, 
Grenville M. Donham publisher. Portland Maine. 
12^x15. M. S. E. [141 

In Maine Register, State Year-Book, and Legislative 
Manual. Compiled and published by Grenville M. Don- 
ham, Portland Maine. 1899. 

Same. Annually 1900-01. 

The National Publishing Company's 1900 census Map 
of Maine, showing all Counties, Towns, Railroads, 
Cities, Villages, Post-offices and Stations. Published 
by the National Publishing Company. Boston Mass. 
25fx34£. E. C. S. ri42 

(Farrington's) Map of the State of Maine, showing 
Railroads, Towns, Plantations and Wild Lands. 1900. 
Published by Geo. F. Cram. Revised by Frank E. Oak, 
State Eand Office, Augusta Me. 31x40£. M.S.I,. [143 



164 APPENDIX 

Post Route Map of the State of Maine showing Post 
Offices with the intermediate distances on mail routes in 
operation on the 1st of June, 1900. Published by order 
of Postmaster General Charles Emory Smith, under the 
direction of A. von Haake, topographer P. O. Dept. 
48fx33f. A. Hoen & Co., Photo- Lkh Balto. Md. 
I,. C. [144 

Northern Maine Hunting and Fishing region, reached 
by the Bangor & Aroostook R. R. Rand Avery Supply 
Co., Kngr's& Printers. (1900) 14£xl8£. H. C. S. [145 

In, In the Maine Woods, issued by the Bangor & 
Aroostook R. R. Bangor Me. 

Same. Revised 1902. B. C. S. [146 

In, In Pine Tree Jungles. Published by Bangor & 
Aroostook R. R. Co. Bangor Me. 

Map of the State of Maine, Compiled, Drawn & Pub- 
lished from Official plans and Actual Surveys By J. H. 
Stuart & Co., South Paris, Me. 1890. 25x33. M. S. L. 

[147 

In Stuart's Atlas of the State of Maine, 11th edition 
1901. 

Geological Map of Maine, colored to show the Geologi- 
cal. Formations by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, Geologist to 
the State of Maine Ph. D. 15|xl2f . [148 

In Stuart's Atlas of Maine 1901. 

Rail Road Map of Maine. 12ixl5£. M.S.I,. [149 

In Stuart's Atlas of Maine 11th edition 1901. 



MAPS OF MAINE 165 

Water-Sheds Map of Maine. River Systems. 12fxl5J. 

[150 

In Stuart's Atlas of Maine 11th edition 1901. 

Map of Maine, for the Maine State Year-Book, Gren- 
ville M. Donham Publisher. Portland, Maine. (A. R. 
Ohman 1902) 12|xl5J. M. S. I,. [151 

In Maine Register, State Year-Book, and Legislative 
Manual. No. 33. June 1902. Compiled and published 
by Grenville M. Donham. Portland, Maine, 1902. 

Map of the State of Maine. Bormay & Co. N. Y. 
engr. 5fx3f. M. S. I,. [152 

In The Government of Maine : Its History and Admin- 
istration. By William MacDonald, LJy. D. New York, 
The Macmillan Co. 1902. 



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